Chinese Herbal Formulas

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Executive Summary

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Write an executive summary in the form of a blog article on the topic of "Research into Chinese medicine treatment for Chinese Herbal Formulas" summarising the research below and using language that can be easily understood by patients and avoiding medical jargon using a professional and caring tone of voice.

Write an executive summary in the form of a blog article on the topic of "Researched Chinese medicine treatments for Chinese Herbal Formulas" summarising the research below in an objective and easy to understand way, and using language that can be easily understood by patients. Group the article into Chinese medicine treatments first, followed by nutrition and other treatments. Avoid using medical jargon and use a professional and caring tone of voice.

Write me a concise but easy to understand executive summary on the topic of "Chinese medicine treatments for Chinese Herbal Formulas" based on the following research that I will give you. Your summary should be 2 paragraphs long in Australian English spelling and include references to the studies.

A Data Mining published in 2026 in the journal Brain Research found that Chronic Insomnia Disorder is marked by poor integration within the default mode network, with herbal medicine and Estazolam showing differing effects on neural homogeneity in the brain. The researchers utilized resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine network homogeneity in the default mode network among 82 Chronic Insomnia Disorder patients and 65 healthy controls. 52 patients were treated with a type of herbal medicine known as Modified Suanzaoren Decoction, while 30 received Estazolam. Network homogeneity was calculated for the default mode network, and the researchers noted differences at baseline, changes following treatment, and correlations with clinical outcome scores. A machine learning model was also used to determine whether network homogeneity features could help differentiate patients from healthy controls. In terms of results, at the start, patients with Chronic Insomnia Disorder showed wide-ranging abnormal homogeneity in different regions of the default mode network when compared to healthy individuals. After treatment, an increase in homogeneity was observed in two specific areas across both patient groups. Most notably, a distinction was noted in one region where network homogeneity increased following herbal treatment, but decreased with Estazolam. Baseline homogeneity in certain regions positively correlated with the severity of insomnia and anxiety. The machine learning model successfully distinguished patients from healthy controls based on network homogeneity features.

A Systematic Review published in 2026 in the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology found that Oral Chinese herbal formulas have shown potential for improving hormone levels in patients with premature ovarian insufficiency, but their safety and overall efficacy remains unclear. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials was conducted by searching through eight bibliographic databases, clinical trial registry platforms, and the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry until May 30, 2026. The aim was to compare hormone replacement therapy (HRT)-based regimens with pure oral Chinese herbal formulas within three specific categories of therapeutic principles. Emphasis was placed on evaluating menstrual return and levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and anti-Müllerian hormone, designated as primary surrogate biomarkers indicative of ovarian function. 41 HRT-controlled trials fitting the specified criteria were incorporated into the study. The review found no distinctive differences in menstrual return between participants using HRT and those using herbal formulas. However, hormone level analysis showed a preference towards herbal formulas for improving levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and anti-Müllerian hormone. Concurrently, these results were associated with high uncertainty due to their surrogate nature. Furthermore, the study also noted that fewer adverse events were reported among participants taking herbal formulas. Nevertheless, safety imperatives associated with herbal formulas could not be established due to incomplete reporting. Additionally, the study could not establish any comparative superiority among the specific categories of herbal formulas based on kidney-tonifying principles.

A published in 2026 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that The 10% and 5% Chaihu-Shugan-San (CSS) formulations visually resembled CSS decoction most, but didn't show superior effects on gastrointestinal motility, inflammation, or pain. The research examined four different CSS decoction formulations - a pure excipient placebo, and formulations diluted down to 2.5%, 5%, and 10% of the original CSS. These formulations were prepared by diluting CSS by 40-fold, 20-fold, and 10-fold using traditional decoction production methods. To gauge their similarity to the original CSS decoction, the formulations were compared in terms of color, odor, and taste using a mix of manual human scores and "intelligent sensory tools" (a colorimeter, electronic nose, and electronic tongue). The research also tested potential pharmacological effects of the four CSS formulations, using animal studies. These tests incorporated measures such as gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion rates, inflammation using the xylene ear swelling test, and pain responses through hot plate analgesia tests. The study found that the 10% and 5% CSS formulations were the most similar to the original CSS in appearance, even though a scoring method showed that all diluted CSS formulations scored higher than the pure excipient placebo. However, notable taste differences were found among the four formulations and original CSS. In the pharmacological aspect, none of the CSS formulations showed statistically significant differences from the control group in terms of improving gastrointestinal motility, anti-inflammatory properties, or analgesic efficacy. They concluded that while the 10% and 5% CSS formulations visually resembled the CSS decoction most, they still required further testing to validate their safety profiles.

A published in 2026 in the journal Phytomedicine found that The Chinese medicine, Chaihu Shugan San, can alleviate reflux esophagitis by restoring mitochondrial function and reducing cell death through AMPK-enhanced, FUNDC1-dependent cell recycling. Methodology: This investigation employed a range of approaches, including live rat models with induced esophagitis, cellular tests in the lab, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and the use of AMPK genetic knockout models. Chaihu Shugan San (CHSG) was given to rats with esophagitis to assess the effects on esophageal damage, inflammation levels, and mitochondrial function. They also used network pharmacology and docking analyses to identify potential targets which they then validated in the lab using AMPK siRNA and knockout mice. Results: The administration of CHSG significantly reduced inflammation in the esophageal area, boosted mitochondrial energy, and encouraged FUNDC1-mediated cellular recycling while also preventing excessive cell death. AMPK was identified as a key target and the withdrawal of its gene made the protective effects of CHSG ineffective. The study concludes that CHSG may be beneficial in treating reflux esophagitis through the activation of FUNDC1 cell recycling driven by AMPK, the restoration of mitochondrial function and inhibition of apoptosis.

A Experimental Study published in 2026 in the journal Brain and Behavior found that Suanzao Ren Decoction can alleviate anxiety behaviour in rats under chronic unpredictable stress by improving cognitive dysfunction and reducing oxidative stress and autophagy. In the study, a rat model of anxiety was created using chronic unpredictable stress. To assess the rats' anxiety state, the researchers utilized the open field test and an elevated cross maze. The cognitive function of the rats was evaluated using the Morris water maze. Histopathological alterations of the hippocampus were studied using HE staining and the protein expression of 5-HTR, Parkin, and PINK1 in the hippocampus was analysed through Western blotting. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe mitochondrial autophagy in the hippocampus. The results showed that treatment with Suanzao Ren Decoction considerably extended rat's spontaneous movement, increased open arm entry times, open arm retention rate and platform crossings, and reduced escape latency. It was noted that the significant improvement occurred in the pathological damage seen in the hippocampus's CA1 area. In addition, there was a noteworthy increase in the levels of SOD, CAT, GSH, 5-HT, and TPH-2 and a decrease in MDA levels. The treatment also produced a decrease in protein expressions of 5-HTR, Parkin, and PINK1 as well as reducing the number of autophagic lysosomes.

A Animal Study published in 2026 in the journal Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology found that The traditional Chinese medicine formula Chaihu Shugan San reduces depressive-like behaviors by interfering with specific complex formations in the brain and inhibiting excess excitability. The methodology employed in this study encompassed undertaking behavioral experiments and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate depressive-like behaviors. The researchers also estimated the serum levels of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Corticosterone levels in rats subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress conditions. Techniques such as Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and Co-Immunoprecipitation were utilized to investigate the expressions and associations of the alpha-2-delta-1 and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1 in the hypothalamus. Additionally, an in vitro testing used a gene knockout technique for Cacna2d1 and a disruptive peptide for further investigation in relation to alpha-2-delta-1-NR1 complex. In terms of results, the traditional Chinese medication Chaihu Shugan San, was found to alleviate depressive-like behaviors in stressed rats and reduce the serum levels of the aforementioned hormones. It reversed the upregulated expression of alpha-2-delta-1 and NR1 in these rat's hypothalamus, resulting in weakening alpha-2-delta-1-NR1 complex association. Consequently, with the interruption in complex formations, this led to the inhibition of the excessive excitability of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that is often observed in depression.

A Animal Study published in 2026 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Chaihu Shugan San, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, may combat depressive symptoms in female mice through controlling hippocampal inflammation and enhancing neuroplasticity. The experiment was conducted on adult female mice who underwent a 5-week period of chronic unpredictable mild stress to simulate depressive behaviors. During the last two weeks of this period, varying doses of Chaihu Shugan San were administered to the mice and fluoxetine was used as the positive control. Various tests, such as forced swimming, sucrose preference, open field, and tail suspension tests were utilized to assess the behavior of the mice, while hippocampal interleukin-6, cAMP, CaMKII, and BDNF levels were measured. Additionally, acute hippocampal microinjection of recombinant interleukin-6 and systemic administration of the CaMKII inhibitor were used for further mechanistic validation. Chaihu Shugan San's treatment showed significant reduction of depressive-like behaviors followed by IL-6 reduction and increase in the hippocampal cAMP, CaMKII activity, and BDNF expression. Unexpected elevation of IL-6, however, nullified both the behavioral improvements and molecular actions of Chaihu Shugan San. Additionally, the inhibition of CaMKII ceased the behavioral improvements induced by Chaihu Shugan San and its upregulation of cAMP-BDNF signalling, without affecting the baseline behaviors. The study also established that Chaihu Shugan San did not induce any anxiogenic or locomotor side effects.

A Experimental Study published in 2026 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Chaihu Shugan San, a traditional herbal formula, improves perimenopausal obesity with depression by regulating metabolic pathways and enhancing intestinal barrier function. The researchers created a mouse model afflicted with perimenopausal obesity and depression through a combination of ovary removal, chronic stress exposure and a high-fat diet. The effects of treatment with Chaihu Shugan San were then assessed via biochemical analysis, organ measure comparisons and behavioral tests. Lipid levels in the blood and liver and the presence of fat cells in the liver were quantified to indicate obesity and biochemical health, and liver cells were stained to visually analyse fat accumulation. RNA sequencing, followed by verification through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting, was employed to highlight the pathways that were differentially regulated by the treatment. High-resolution mass spectrometry partnered with network pharmacology were used to identify key active components of the formula and their potential molecular targets. Upon treatment with Chaihu Shugan San, the mice showed significant improvement in obesity, bowel function, anxiety and depression. The formula reduced excessive lipids in the body, improved liver fat accumulation and glucose intolerance. RNA analysis revealed that these metabolic improvements of Chaihu Shugan San were associated with changes in the PGC-1α/CYP8B1/PPARγ metabolic pathway. This was confirmed by additional lab tests. The treatment also enhanced the function of the intestinal barrier, reducing inflammation and alleviating depression-like behavior, likely via the upregulation of the gut-protective protein, Occludin. Glycyrrhizic acid, naringin, and naringenin were identified as the primary active agents in the formula exhibiting strong bonding to the core molecular targets.

A Clinical Study published in 2026 in the journal Brain and Behavior found that The study found that traditional Chinese medicine and benzodiazepines alleviate insomnia differently, with the former easing hyperarousal states and the latter triggering adaptive regulation for quick sedation. The methodology of this study involved 82 patients with chronic insomnia disorder and 80 healthy controls. The patients with insomnia were split into two groups where one received a traditional Chinese medicine treatment called modified suanzaoren decoction and the other group was given estazolam, a commonly used insomnia treatment, for a total of six weeks. The research team used Granger causality analysis anchored on precuneus subregions to identify changes in effective connectivity before and after treatment. Further, a neuroimaging-transcription association analysis was carried out to identify potential gene linkages with these alterations in brain connectivity. The results of the analysis showed increased effective connectivity from the precuneus to the right postcentral/precentral gyrus and left lingual gyrus in patients with insomnia compared to healthy controls. Conversely, decreased effective connectivity from certain areas like the bilateral postcentral/precentral gyrus, right cerebellum crus VIIB, and right calcarine cortex to the precuneus were seen. Post-treatment, there were significant changes in connectivity from the bilateral midcingulate cortex to the precuneus, as well as from the bilateral midcingulate cortex, left postcentral gyrus, and right supramarginal gyrus to the precuneus. The researchers found genes associated with these effective connectivities. Overall, the findings suggest that the abnormal connectivity between the precuneus and areas in the sensory-motor and visual networks could be indicative of hyperarousal states and compensatory responses in insomnia. The traditional Chinese medicine appeared to reduce the hyperarousal state, whereas benzodiazepines brought about adaptive regulation due to their immediate sedative effects.

A published in 2026 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Chaihu Shugan San, a traditional Chinese medicine, shows potential antidepressant effects by suppressing neuroinflammation and favoring beneficial microglial polarization. The methodology involved identifying the optimal active fraction of Chaihu Shugan San (CSS) through a screening using a reserpine-induced zebrafish model of depression. The chemical constituents were then analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The advantages of this identified extract were further validated utilizing a corticosterone-induced mouse model of depression. The study utilized an integrated approach combining transcriptomics, network pharmacology, and molecular biology techniques to examine the immunomodulatory mechanisms underlying CSS' antidepressant effects. The results demonstrated the strongest antidepressant activity in a 95% ethanol extract of CSS, specifically enhancing behavioral parameters in depression models. This extract increased levels of mood-stabilizing neurotransmitters, decreased stress hormones, and modulated inflammatory response. Further investigation showed that CSS inhibited harmful microglial polarization and suppressed a key inflammation pathway. The study also identified 13 potential active components of the formula, seven of which showed promising results in the zebrafish model.

A published in 2026 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Chaihu-Shugan-San, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, treats functional dyspepsia by inhibiting central sensitization-related activity and modulating glutamate metabolism via NMDAR/CaMKII signaling pathway. The methodology of this study involved creating a functional dyspepsia rat model through tail-clamp stimulation and gavage, which was then treated with Chaihu-Shugan-San decoction over a four-week period. Various functions and measurements were then assessed; these included anxiety-like behaviours through an open-field test, the gastric emptying rate to evaluate gastrointestinal motility function, and the expression of c-fos in the spinal cord to reflect visceral hypersensitivity. Microstructural integrity of nerve cells, synaptic clefts, and synaptic vesicles were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, and pathological changes in gastric tissue were clarified with Hematoxylin and eosin staining. The discussion of results revealed that the treatment increased gastric motility and alleviated central sensitization, with rodents showing lower gastric motility and strong activation of c-fos initially. The treatment was found to affect several metabolisms, as discovered through fecal and serum metabolomics. After the treatment, the decrease of Iba1 and NOX2 in the amygdala compared to untreated rodents indicated an inhibition of central sensitization. There was also an increase in the levels of postsynaptic density protein 95, EAAT2 and VGLUT1 in the amygdala and spinal cord, and a decrease in the protein levels of Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, and Interleukin-1β in the spinal cord. This showed that the treatment significantly modulated the glutamate metabolic pathway.

A published in 2026 in the journal Molecular and Cellular Biology found that Chaihu Shugan Powder alleviates pancreatic injury from acute pancreatitis by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and heme oxygenase-1 pathway. In the research, acute pancreatitis models were set up in both AR42J cells and rats using cerulein. Chaihu Shugan Powder was administered as an intervention to study its impact on pancreatic damage. It was observed that this herbal mixture didn't have any negative effect on regular cell operations. Moreover, it demonstrated a positive outcome by partially reversing the damage induced by cerulein, evident through an increase in cell viability, glutathione level along with an upsurge of specific protein markers. Meanwhile, the content of the inflammatory factor, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, as well as iron also decreased. The study's results implied that the powder alleviates acute pancreatitis-induced damage by triggering the activation of a specific pathway involving three factors: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and heme oxygenase-1. Silencing the gene of the first factor was found to partially suppress the activation of this pathway. This indicates that this specific pathway plays a significant role in the powder's therapeutic effect. The same pathway activation was observed in the animals too, where the powder mitigated the pathomorphological changes and cellular degradation related to acute pancreatitis. Hence, the alleviation of pancreatic damage by Chaihu Shugan Powder ties back to the activation of this pathway.

A published in 2026 in the journal World Journal of Gastroenterology found that Chaihu-Shugan-San was found to alleviate chronic atrophic gastritis by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis through the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling complex. The main active components of Chaihu-Shugan-San, including lipids, lipid-like molecules, phenylpropanoids, and polyketides, were identified using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. This medicine was administered at two different dosages on rats induced with chronic atrophic gastritis using a carcinogenic compound. Network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques were employed to predict the potential targets of the medicine in treating the disease. In the discussion of results, it was revealed that Chaihu-Shugan-San significantly soothed chronic atrophic gastritis by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis. The core targets impacted by the medicine were several identified factors associated with inflammation and apoptosis. The analysis showed a strong link between these targets and the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling complex, implying its key role in the remedial process. The medicine was also found to induce beneficial changes in the colonic microbial community.

A Experimental Study published in 2026 in the journal Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis found that Suanzaoren Tang may alleviate insomnia by balancing neurotransmitters, and suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress, possibly through gut microbiota-metabolite-brain axis modulation and glial cell activity restoration. An integrated multi-omics approach was employed, starting with UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis to identify the compounds present in Suanzaoren Tang (SZRT). The study induced insomnia in rats by intraperitoneal administration of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). Behavioral evaluations were conducted to judge sleep quality, alongside ELISA and immunofluorescence procedures to detect changes in neurotransmitter and inflammatory marker levels, respectively. Further methodologies included untargeted metabolomics and 16S rRNA sequencing to elucidate SZRT's effect on gut microbiota composition and various metabolic pathways. The study found that treatment using PCPA significantly extended sleep latency and altered neurochemical profiles of the subjects, demonstrated through decreased levels of neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyric acid and 5-hydroxytryptamine, and increased levels of glutamate, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and CYP2E1 expression. Immunofluorescence further revealed reduced glial cell function and associated serotonergic dysregulation in the PCPA group. The intervention of SZRT, however, reversed these changes. In addition, PCPA was found to disrupt gut microbial composition, the adverse effects of which were remedied by SZRT administration. Through metabolomics, the study identified key differentiated metabolites that hinted at SZRT's restoration of neurotransmitter homeostasis and reduced inflammation through microbiota-metabolite interactions.

A Cohort Study published in 2026 in the journal Medicine found that Suanzaoren decoction appears to improve sleep quality and reduce fatigue in lung cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy with some benefits also observed in objective sleep parameters. In this retrospective study, clinical data were collected from hospitalized patients with lung cancer who reported sleep disturbances. From this dataset, 38 patients who received Suanzaoren decoction as part of their treatment in addition to standard care were compared to 37 patients who only received standard care. Sleep quality was evaluated using a specific sleep quality assessment tool, and fatigue levels were assessed using a cancer fatigue scale. For patients with available data, objective sleep parameters were also tracked using actigraphy monitoring. The primary findings of the study showed that patients who were administered Suanzaoren decoction had notably lower scores in sleep quality assessment after treatment compared to the control group. Similarly, their fatigue scores were also considerably lower. Actigraphy-informed parameters indicated that total sleep duration and the proportion of deep sleep were higher in the group that received the Suanzaoren decoction. No adverse reactions were recorded in the study.

A published in 2026 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that CSS, a traditional Chinese multi-herbal formulation, alleviates perimenopausal symptoms in rats by regulating hormone levels and interactions with the FMO3 enzyme. First, perimenopausal symptoms were induced in rats via ovariectomy. Thereafter, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to establish a profiling of the metabolites found in rat plasma following treatment with CSS. Among these metabolites, high-exposure compounds were identified and further analyzed through molecular docking and network pharmacology to study their interactions with steroid metabolism pathways and particularly with FMO3 enzyme. The discussion of the results indicated that CSS was successful in regulating abnormal hormone levels. The CSS treatment not only reduced levels of triglycerides and cholesterol but also increased IL-10 levels, which collectively contributed towards alleviating PMS symptoms in the rat model. Through LC-MS/MS, liquiritigenin, isosakuranetin, and hesperetin were identified as high-exposure components, suggesting their potential roles in the mitigation of PMS symptoms as well. Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses showed these flavonoids interacting with the FMO3 enzyme, which was further validated through Cellular Thermal Shift Assay. Finally, it was noted that CSS decreased FMO3 levels in rat liver and serum.

A Experimental Study published in 2026 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Zhichi Suanzaoren Decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine, alleviates insomnia and anxiety by restoring hippocampal astrocyte cilia through Foxj1 upregulation. Methodology: The primary components of Zhichi Suanzaoren Decoction were analyzed in both positive and negative ion modes using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time of Flight/Mass Spectrometry. A perimenopausal insomnia model was established through bilateral ovariectomy in mice, which was then treated with the decoction. The team conducted behavioral tests and sleep synergy experiments to assess the anti-insomnia and anxiolytic effects of the decoction. Further, to investigate the mechanistic details, techniques such as ELISA, Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry, transcriptome sequencing, immunofluorescence staining, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and adeno-associated virus-mediation were employed. Results: The analyses indicated the presence of 97 chemical components in the aqueous extract of the decoction. The treatment improved sleep, reduced anxiety in mice, increased the levels of GABA in the hippocampus, and decreased serum ACTH, CORT, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels. Further, the decoction displayed a protective effect on hippocampal neurons and reduced neuroinflammation. On a transcriptomic and protein level, the decoction was shown to inhibit Wnt signaling by promoting Foxj1 expression and restoring primary cilia in astrocytes. This dual effect led to the activation of the GSK-3β/GR signaling pathway, restoring HPA axis function and reversing glucocorticoid resistance, and to the suppression of β-catenin nuclear translocation and astrocyte-driven neuroinflammation.

A Clinical Study published in 2026 in the journal Brain Research found that Suanzaoren decoction improves sleep quality in chronic insomnia disorder patients, who showed altered sensorimotor network function linked to multiple neurotransmitter systems. In the methodology, two groups of chronic insomnia disorder (CID) patients, totaling 82 individuals, and 54 healthy controls were studied. One group of CID patients received Suanzaoren decoction (SZRD) while the other received estazolam, both over a span of six weeks. The groups were analyzed for functional connectivity (FC) and effective connectivity (EC) in the sensorimotor network (SMN). Transcriptome-neuroimaging correlation analysis was also utilized to identify the associated gene profile and neurotransmitter distributions in relation to the changes in FC and EC values. In the discussions of the results, the study found that SZRD treatment effectively improved sleep quality in the CID patients. Additionally, it was seen that CID patients showed significant differences in the FC and EC of SMN compared to healthy controls. Interestingly, these differences were related to multiple neurotransmitter systems. Moreover, specific genes linked to FC and EC among CID patients were identified and these were mainly involved in the biological processes like synaptic and ion transmission. It was also found that estazolam somehow altered the EC from the right fusiform gyrus to the left lateral SMN among CID patients, while SZRD treatment had minimal influence on SMN-related changes.

A published in 2025 in the journal Fitoterapia found that Chaihu Shugan San has been shown to have a therapeutic effect on post-stroke depression due to compound effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glutathione metabolism. In the study, various techniques were used in a combination approach to uncover the impact of Chaihu Shugan San on post-stroke depression. Cell membrane solid-phase chromatography, combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry, was employed to screen the specific binding components of Chaihu Shugan San and HT22 cells, and evaluate their effects on the viability of injured HT22 cells and levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. The study results pointed out eight particular binding components of Chaihu Shugan San and HT22 cells were discovered by cell membrane solid-phase chromatography. With the exception of one component, the other seven demonstrated a protective effect on HT22 cells and a significant increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. The use of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry also identified 13 differential metabolites in metabolomics. It was found that glutathione metabolism could be an important component involved in the way Chaihu Shugan San helps combat post-stroke depression. The binding component of HT22 demonstrated favorable binding to the target protein, adding another layer to its impact on management and mitigation of post-stroke depression symptoms.

A published in 2025 in the journal Phytomedicine found that The bioactive component of Chaihu-shugan-san, Liquiritin, can alleviate Parkinson's disease by inhibiting ferroptosis through stimulating the PPARα/SCD1/FADS2 pathway. A mix of network pharmacology-bioinformatics was established to identify potential targets of CSS in tackling Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease mouse models, induced by MPTP, were confirmed using various techniques including behavioral examinations and histopathology amongst others. Machine learning coupled with a type of prediction model known as an ROC curve analysis identified certain key genes related to both CSS and Parkinson's disease, with emphasis on the probable pathways. IHC, GPx, MDA, and WB tests were used to validate the findings. Liquiritin, the main active compound in CSS, was characterized using UPLC-MS/MS and evaluated using various scientific methods to determine its neuroprotective effects. The neuroprotective impact of CSS and inhibition of ferroptosis through PPARα activation as a way to improve Parkinson's disease were consistently illustrated. The research also identified Liquiritin as a bioactive compound in CSS that helps to counteract Parkinson's disease like symptoms in mice triggered by ferroptosis. Further investigation found that Liquiritin protects against ferroptosis via the activation of the PPARα/SCD1/FADS2 pathway, and demonstrated that if you chemically inhibit PPARα activation, this cancels out the protective effects Liquiritin has against ferroptosis and halts progression of Parkinson's disease.

A Experimental Study published in 2025 in the journal Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine found that The administration of Suanzaoren Decoction can alleviate anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in mice by modulating activity in their basolateral amygdala neurons. Methodology: The research employed male C57BL/6J mice sub-divided into four different groups: control, chronic restraint stress, Suanzaoren Decoction, and fluoxetine. The stress models were established by restraining the mice for six hours a day over 21 days, with the control group remaining in their cages without food or water during this period. The Suanzaoren Decoction and fluoxetine groups received daily administration of their respective substances 30 minutes before restraint, continuing for the 21 day period. Behavioral tests were used to evaluate the therapeutic effects of Suanzaoren Decoction. Discussion of Results: The study found that administration of Suanzaoren Decoction resulted in increased time spent in the open arms, reduced immobility time, and downregulated stress-induced expression and firing of neurons in the basolateral amygdala. Most notably, the decoction exhibited an ability to selectively attenuate excitatory, but not inhibitory, synaptic transmission onto these neurons, leading to alleviation of induced anxiety and depression-like behaviors.

A Experimental Study published in 2025 in the journal Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine found that The partial extract of Chinese remedy, Suan-Zao-Ren-Tang, can enhance the effectiveness of vinorelbine in treating non-small cell lung cancer through amplification of spindle assembly checkpoint activation. The study methodology involved the fractionation of Suan-Zao-Ren-Tang, specifically its B7E2 partial extract, guided by its bioactivity in the non-small cell lung cancer cell lines A549 and NCI-H460. Examination of components and bioactivity, along with a mechanistic study, were performed on three different preparations of B7E2 and their individual components. The core components responsible for B7E2 activity were identified as senkyunolide-A, -neocnidilide, 3-butylidenephthalide, betulinic acid, and linoleic acid. The results of this study demonstrated that while B7E2 alone had no cytotoxic effect, its use in combination with vinorelbine significantly increased the rate of cell death in non-small cell lung cancer cells due to a synergistic activity. This was further confirmed by identifying heightened activation of caspase and phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, markers of apoptosis. Additionally, this combination treatment lengthened mitotic arrest and substantially activated the spindle assembly checkpoint, as observed by the phosphorylation of BUBR1 and the upregulation of cyclin B1. It also increased the interaction between components of the mitotic checkpoint complex.

A published in 2025 in the journal Phytomedicine found that The Traditional Chinese Medicine formula, CHSGS, can disrupt stress-induced tumor susceptibility by restoring macrophage phagocytosis and reducing ovarian cancer risks. The study examined the effect of CHSGS - a Traditional Chinese Medicine formula known for alleviating liver Qi stagnation symptoms - on stress-related ovarian cancer. Firstly, it sought to determine the association between macrophage phagocytosis - impaired due to psychological stress - and the degradation of Toll-like receptor 2 within cells. It used techniques like flow cytometry and co-immunoprecipitation. Then, it assessed how CHSGS affected tumor size and weight, how it influenced macrophage phagocytosis, and which of its active ingredients were the key players. In this research, it was found that stress boosts a process called lipid peroxidation in macrophages, a type of white blood cell. This process calls in a function known as the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH6, and starts the degradation of Toll-like receptor 2. This disruption impairs the ability of the macrophages to phagocytize, or engulf other particles, potentially leading to an increased risk of ovarian cancer. When treated with CHSGS, however, this bond between the Toll-like receptor 2 and MARCH6 is interrupted, which notably reduces the degradation of the Toll-like receptor 2, and as a result, helps the macrophage defend against cancer cells. Among the active ingredients in CHSGS, baicalin, a flavonoid, appears to be particularly effective in preventing the stress-induced inhibition of the macrophages.

A Data Mining published in 2025 in the journal Asian Journal of Psychiatry found that Suanzaoren decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine, enhances cognitive function and improves Chronic Insomnia Disorder symptoms by adjusting brain functions. In the methodology, 82 patients diagnosed with Chronic Insomnia Disorder and 54 healthy controls were examined using fMRI scans before and after a six-week treatment with either suanzaoren decoction or estazolam. Changes in brain function were evaluated with a mixed-effects model analysis. Machine learning and transcriptome-neuroimaging spatial correlation analysis were employed to predict the effectiveness of the treatment and to understand its connection with specific genetic profiles. In discussing the results, it was noted that the Chronic Insomnia Disorder patients exhibited differences in certain parts of the brain compared to the healthy controls. Both treatment groups saw improvements in their sleep duration and efficiency. However, only the group treated with suanzaoren decoction exhibited distinct changes in specific areas of the brain, with the researchers concluding that these abnormal ReHo changes might serve as imaging markers for Chronic Insomnia Disorder and help predict both drug efficacy and related gene expression profiles.

A Clinical Study published in 2025 in the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry found that Modified suanzaoren decoction (SZRD) and esazolam were equally effective in treating chronic insomnia but the latter excelled in improving subjective sleep quality. Methodology: In this study, 80 participants diagnosed with chronic insomnia disorder were divided into two treatment groups. One group was treated with the traditional Chinese medicine, modified suanzaoren decoction (SZRD), and the other group received esazolam tablets. The treatment duration was 6 weeks. Several indices, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Severity Index, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale, and polysomnographic measures, were recorded. These metrics helped assess the changes in sleep, mood, and cognitive function amongst the subjects. Results: Comparing within each group, both treatments showed improvements in subjective sleep, depression, anxiety, immediate and delayed memory scores. However, when comparing between the groups, a significant difference was noted in subjective sleep quality scores. The study demonstrated an increase in the duration of N3 stage (deep sleep) in both groups, showing equal efficacy in improving deep sleep. However, when assessing stability over time, esazolam had higher predictive stability in improving subjective sleep quality, while SZRD had higher predictive stability in maintaining slow-wave (N3 stage) sleep.

A published in 2025 in the journal Phytomedicine found that Chaihu-Shugan-San, a traditional Chinese medicine, improves breast cancer-related depression by regulating the IL-17/NF-κB pathway and modulating microglial polarization. The methodology of this study involved the construction and treatment of a mouse model exhibiting breast cancer-related depression with Chaihu-Shugan-San. This was followed by behavioral testing, histochemical staining, and small animal imaging to measure depressive behaviors and tumor development. The research also involved RNA sequencing analysis and several other validation methods, including Western blot and quantitative qRT-PCR, to inspect the treatment's effects. In addition, in vitro tests were executed on the stimulated microglia with various interventions to verify the regulatory role of the IL-17 protein on the treatment. The results showed that Chaihu-Shugan-San treatment improved depression-like behaviors and inhibited tumor growth in mice. This improvement was closely linked to its regulation of the IL-17/ NF-κB pathway. Chaihu-Shugan-San inhibited this pathway and promoted a transformation from a pro-inflammatory microglial phenotype to an anti-inflammatory one, thereby, reducing neuroinflammation. The treatment's modulatory effect was similar to the effects of IL-17 antagonists, suggesting that Chaihu-Shugan-San might relieve symptoms by targeting IL-17. Three bioactive compounds, Saikosaponin A, Saikosaponin C, and Saikosaponin D, were identified in Chaihu-Shugan-San, which likely play a crucial role in its therapeutic effect.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2025 in the journal BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies found that The traditional Chinese medicine, Jiawei Suanzaoren, potentially protects against depression-related neurodegeneration by targeting immune regulation and reducing cell apoptosis. For the methodology, active compounds of Jiawei Suanzaoren were identified using traditional Chinese medicine and HERB databases, while depression-related targets were taken from GeneCards, DisGeNET, and OMIM. A protein-protein interaction network was made, followed by functional enrichment analyses of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. The interaction between Jiawei Suanzaoren's active components and key target proteins was anticipated using molecular docking. In vitro experiments were conducted on corticosterone-induced PC12 cell model to validate Jiawei Suanzaoren's neuroprotective effects by examining cell viability and apoptosis rates. In discussion of results, network pharmacology and molecular docking unveiled that Jiawei Suanzaoren protects the neurons through multiple targets like estrogen receptor ESR2, HSP90AA1, and STAT1. These targets manage immune responses, inflammatory pathways, and cell survival. In vitro, Jiawei Suanzaoren substantially enhanced cell viability and diminished apoptosis in corticosterone-treated PC12 cells, suggesting its potential to shield against depression-associated neurodegeneration.

A Data Mining published in 2025 in the journal The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry found that The treatment of chronic insomnia disorder, through pharmacotherapy, influences the functional activity in different parts of the patient's brain. In the methodology, the research used imaging data and clinical variables from 82 patients with chronic insomnia disorder and 54 healthy controls. The patients were treated with either a modified Suanzaoren decoction or estazolam for six weeks. Using a variety of techniques including the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations, Wavelet-ALFF, and fractional ALFF, the spontaneous brain activity of the participants was evaluated. Additionally, machine learning and cross-sample transcriptomic analyses were conducted. In the discussion of results, it was found that compared to healthy controls, patients with chronic insomnia disorder showed increased functional activity in parts of the brain such as the left precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex, left superior parietal gyrus, and bilateral angular gyrus - and decreased activity in the right inferior parietal gyrus and bilateral middle frontal gyrus. It was further noted that after undergoing pharmacotherapy, patients who were given the modified Suanzaoren decoction exhibited increased activity in the left middle occipital gyrus compared to their initial state. Therefore, it can be suggested that variances in brain activity in areas of the default mode network, frontoparietal network, and visual network may contribute to the mechanisms of pathology and treatment of chronic insomnia disorder.

A Systematic Review published in 2025 in the journal Medicine found that Spelling inconsistency: Chaihu-Shugan-San vs Chai Hu Shu Gan San The article title uses the hyphenated form “Chaihu-Shugan-San,” while the topic uses the spaced form “Chai Hu Shu Gan San.” Please standardize the formula spelling across the article metadata.

A published in 2025 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that The traditional Chinese medicine, Chaihu-Shugan-San, alleviates post-stroke depression in mice through exosome-mediated signaling and regulation of miR-146. The active compounds in Chaihu-Shugan-San (CSS) were identified from rat serum using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and analyzed via network pharmacology. In laboratory conditions, an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion BV2 microglia model was used to gauge the effects of CSS-containing serum. Exosomes from this model were isolated and analyzed using transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. In live test, a photothrombotic stroke model alongside chronic unpredictable mild stress induced post-stroke depression in mice. Behavior assessments, histological analysis and different test methods were used to measure key protein and miR-146 expressions in the mice's hippocampus. The CSS treatment was found to notably relieve depressive-like behaviors in the mouse model. Increased sucrose preference, reduced immobility and enhanced exploratory activity were observed in mice treated with a high dose of CSS. The treatment improved brain tissue integrity, alleviated neuronal damage, and reduced neuroinflammation. It was found that CSS increased the expression of microglia-derived exosomes in the hippocampus which carried miR-146. Moreover, this treatment also adjusted the expression of miR-146 isoforms by reversing abnormal miRNA expression. This indicates a potential mechanism for its neuroprotective effects. CSS also successfully reduced key inflammatory cytokines while rejuvenating angiogenic factors. Notably, the calcium signaling pathway was also implicated.

A Systematic Review published in 2025 in the journal CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics found that Chaihu Shugan powder shows promise in treating depression symptoms in animals, impacting factors such as inflammation, HPA axis regulation, neurotrophic factors, and glucose metabolism. The methodology for the study was a systematic meta-analysis review of a range of databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and others with studies on CSP's antidepressant effects on animal models. Statistical analyses were conducted using R Studio software. The discussion of the study results reveals that CSP exhibited a notable effect on various behavioral tests for animal models of depression. Besides, it seemingly affected behavioral factors like forced swimming, sucrose preference, and open field test results such as rearing and crossing numbers. Its impact was also seen on body weight. CSP's therapeutic potential links to its anti-inflammatory qualities, its regulation of the HPA axis, contributions to neurotrophic factors, and the modulation of glucose metabolism.

A Animal Study published in 2025 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Chaihu-Shugan-San and its component ferulic acid, derived from medicinal plants, effectively addresses depression, endothelial dysfunction, and gastrointestinal dysregulation induced by acute forced swimming. The researchers created a depression-like model in rats using acute forced swimming (AFS) and an oxidative stress model in endothelial cells using hydrogen peroxide treatment. They then studied the effects of Chaihu-Shugan-San (CSS) and ferulic acid (FA) on major depressive disorder, endothelial dysfunction, and gastrointestinal dysregulation evident in the rats and oxidative stress levels in the endothelial cells. The tests involved biochemical assays, behavior studies, and staining techniques. Meanwhile, an intricate analysis of transcriptomics, proteomics, and phosphoproteomics data was completed to discover the underlying mechanisms. The results display that CSS and FA notably alleviate AFS-induced abnormalities such as gastric emptying and intestinal transit in rats, disrupt symptoms of depression, rectify endothelial and gastrointestinal dysfunctions, as well as control inflammation and oxidative stress-related biomarker levels. Additionally, it was revealed that FA can alter oxidative stress and endothelial function in endothelial cells. A multi-omics analysis shed light on multiple oxidative stress-related pathways involved, such as the Ghrl-Edn1/Mecp2/P-mTOR/Vegfa-associated oxidative stress signaling pathway. This particular pathway is fundamental in tackling AFS-induced multimorbidity, superseding the traditional disease-specific focus.

A published in 2025 in the journal Translational Oncology found that Chaihu Shugan San, Zuogui Yin and their combination potentially address premature ovarian failure in rats by enhancing granulosa cells, preserving follicular integrity, and preventing cell apoptosis. The study attempted to establish a premature ovarian failure model using rats subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress and cyclophosphamide injections. The rats were treated with Chaihu Shugan San, Zuogui Yin, or a combination of these two traditional Chinese medicine formulations. The study measured important outcomes such as the proliferation of ovarian granulosa cells, follicular integrity, and hormonal levels. Researchers used staining to examine any histopathological changes in ovarian tissue as well as western blot analysis to detect apoptosis. The results of this study revealed that the ovarian function of the rats significantly improved following treatments. The two Chinese medicine formulations, individually and in combination, increased the growth of granulosa cells, reduced follicular atresia, and normalized hormone levels. The study also provided evidence of preserved follicular structure and reduced apoptosis among the treated groups. There was an enhanced activity within the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway with increased expression of certain apoptosis-related proteins, which suggests improved cell cycle progression and protein synthesis.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2025 in the journal ACS Omega found that The traditional Chinese medicine Chaihu Shugan San improves depression symptoms by regulating glucocorticoid metabolism and related pathways, as well as downstream signaling proteins. In the research, depression was induced in rats via chronic unpredictable mild stress and Chaihu Shugan San's impact on this depression model was studied. High-performance liquid tandem mass spectrometry was used to verify metabolites in the rat's plasma and prefrontal cortex. The impact of Chaihu Shugan San on glucocorticoid metabolism was established through the changes in corticosterone levels and the increase of dehydrocorticosterone. Other elements of the pharmacology like glucocorticoid synthase and metabolic enzymes were also recorded for changes post the administration of Chaihu Shugan San. Behavioral tests conducted showed a significant improvement in depression symptoms in rats, following an administration period of 8 weeks. On a molecular level, Chaihu Shugan San managed to restore glucocorticoid signaling by upregulating some proteins and downregulating others. The treatment also inhibited inflammation, particularly stronger in the liver and the prefrontal cortex than fluoxetine. Using network pharmacology, it was discovered that Chaihu Shugan San targets multiple pathways including some specified ones, demonstrating its comprehensive role in treating depression.

A Experimental Study published in 2025 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Traditional Chinese medicine, specifically Jiawei Suanzaoren Tang, demonstrates a significant therapeutic effect on people with perimenopausal insomnia characterized by yin deficiency and fire excess. The study first enrolled 80 cases of perimenopausal insomnia with yin deficiency and fire excess type, then divided them into two groups - a control group treated with lorazepam and a treatment group given Jiawei Suanzaoren decoction over 4 weeks. Several key metrics were observed before and after the treatment, including sleep quality, hormone levels, and certain symptoms. Alongside this, the study conducted a network pharmacology analysis where they used public databases to find targets associated with Jiawei Suanzaoren Tang as well as those predicted as insomnia targets, ultimately identifying enriched gene pathways and networks. An animal study involving rats was also conducted, using 30 perimenopausal insomnia rat models, comparing the effects of normal saline, lorazepam suspension, and Jiawei Suanzaoren decoction. In observation, the sleep condition and hormone level changes were significantly different between the treatment and control groups. The findings suggest that Jiawei Suanzaoren Tang could improve sleep by regulating the neuroactive ligand receptor interaction signaling pathway, inhibiting relevant proteins. They also observed that the decoction could significantly improve the sleep conditions of perimenopausal rats with insomnia and impact the level of specific hormone receptors in the hypothalamus. The mechanism seems to be linked to the regulation of specific hormones and the expression levels of certain receptors in the hypothalamus.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2025 in the journal Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening found that Chaihu-Shugan San, a traditional Chinese medicine, offers potential antidepressant effects by targeting liver qi and specific synapse-related proteins in the brain. Methodology: The study used serum medicinal chemistry and network pharmacology methods to investigate the mechanisms of Chaihu-Shugan San (CHSGS) in treating depression. Initially, they screened the chemical components of CHSGS from available databases to be used in their study. Subsequently, they examined the antidepressant mechanism of CHSGS by focusing on soothing the liver and relieving depression, using serum pharmacochemistry. Proteomics and high-throughput data were further employed to ascertain the validity of CHSGS's antidepressant mechanism. Results: The researchers identified 9 bioactive substances in CHSGS through serum medicinal chemistry. These ingredients, which included nobiletin and ferulic acid among others, were found to have good oral bioavailability and non-toxicity. Based on liver ChIPseq data, CHSGS was found to act on 8 specific targets localized in the liver. Network pharmacology analyses also linked 9 blood components of CHSGS with 63 antidepressant targets in the brain. Notably, CHSGS was validated to exert antidepressant effects on the synaptic structure and neuronal function by targeting multiple synapse-related proteins.

A Experimental Study published in 2025 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Suanzaoren Decoction can alleviate anxiety-induced cardiac insufficiency by improving cardiomyocyte health and cardiac function through inhibiting specific nervous system pathways. The study initially established an anxiety model by inducing chronic restraint stress in mice. Mice inflicted with cardiac insufficiency were then orally administered with Suanzaoren Decoction. The therapeutic effects on cardiac health and function were evaluated through methods such as echocardiography, tissue staining and enzyme activity assays. Potential drug targets for Suanzaoren Decoction in treating cardiac insufficiency were predicted through network pharmacology and molecular docking. The drug's influence on a protein called CaMKII was specifically examined using accessible databases, confirmed through immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis in the mouse hearts. The study showed that Suanzaoren Decoction acts as an anti-anxiety agent, evidenced by behavioral changes in the mice. The drug also ameliorated cardiac insufficiency, indicated by an improved left ventricular ejection fraction and mitigated cardiomyocyte damage and inflammation. They also found that the Suanzaoren Decoction did not modify anxiety-related changes in the levels of norepinephrine and acetylcholine. The potential mechanism of Suanzaoren Decoction was identified to revolve around 13 active compounds that target a specific protein called CaMKII. It was found to influence the expression and phosphorylation of CaMKII, with additional significance in the modulation of certain nervous system pathways.

A published in 2025 in the journal Integrative Cancer Therapies found that Chinese herbal medicine potentially reduces chemotherapy-related hot flashes and improves life quality in breast cancer patients, with no severe side effects noted. In the conducted non-randomized controlled trial, 48 participants with stage I-III breast cancer were divided into either a 24-week herbal treatment group or a control group. The herbal intervention involved a blend of two Chinese herbs, Jia Wei Xiao Yao San and Er Zhi Wan, administered in a 3:1 ratio, with a total daily dose of 4 grams taken three times a day. The primary outcome measured was the frequency and severity of hot flushes, rated using a visual analog scale. Secondary outcomes included patient's quality of life evaluated via a specific cancer therapy questionnaire, and meridian energy analysis assessed sympathetic activity and skin electrical conductance. Participants who completed the trial, 25 in the herbal treatment group and 18 in the control group, showed remarkable results. The herbal treatment group saw a significant reduction in hot flush frequency at different intervals and a decrease in hot flush severity. Participants' physical well-being and particular concerns improved significantly in the treatment group versus the control group over time. Although there were no significant changes in overall electrical conductance at acupoints associated with the herbal treatment, specific meridians, including the heart, liver, and kidney, were significantly affected. Furthermore, after completing chemotherapy, sympathetic activity reduced in the treatment group.

A Review Article published in 2024 in the journal Medicine found that Chaihu Shugan San, a traditional Chinese medicine, provides significant relief of physical and psychological symptoms associated with perimenopausal syndrome. The research methodology utilised a multi-pronged approach that took into account existing classical literature, the underlying mechanisms, pharmacological effects, and clinical studies relevant to the use of Chaihu Shugan San (CSS) in addressing perimenopausal syndrome. The complexity and wide-ranging pharmacological effects of the CSS composition were considered as these factors contribute to its observed therapeutic effects. While the researchers did not provide a thoroughly clear explanation of the CSS's therapeutic mechanism, they comprehensively reviewed each facet of relevant data. Findings drawn from numerous clinical experiments and pharmacological studies demonstrated that CSS significantly aids in the treatment of perimenopausal syndrome symptoms. These symptoms, including menstrual disorders and insomnia, are increasingly common among women and are connected to fluctuating or decreasing sexual hormone levels during the pre- and postmenopausal periods. The research emphasises the importance of understanding and applying traditional Chinese medicine in modern clinical practices, particularly regarding women's health.

A Animal Study published in 2024 in the journal Drug Design, Development and Therapy found that The herbal formula Chaihu-Shugan-San can improve bone health by alleviating neuroinflammation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal overactivity in mice with depression-induced osteoporosis. The methodology of this study started with the preparation of Chaihu-Shugan-San (CHSG) powder by extracting it with water and spray-drying. The researchers then used liquid chromatography to analyze the CHSG. In order to establish a model of depression, female mice were subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Over a period of 8 weeks, the researchers measured depressive behavior and bone properties at regular intervals of 2 weeks. They used RT-PCR, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence to detect the expression of inflammatory cytokines and any changes in the microglial morphology of the mice's hippocampus. The activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis was also assessed using biochemical measurements and histological staining on the adrenal gland. Lastly, they investigated bone metabolism by conducting histological staining, assessing three-point bending strength, and determining the expression of related regulators. The results reveal that CHSG treatment could alleviate depressive behaviors and regulate inflammatory responses in the hippocampus of CUMS mice. It was suggested that this was due to the treatment's inhibitory effect on neuroinflammation through the repression of microglial activity and inflammation pathways connected with NLRP3. Importantly, the treatment was able to mitigate the over-activity of the HPA axis induced by CUMS, as shown by reductions in the serum level of ACTH and corticosterone. Furthermore, CHSG was found to improve bone mineral density and mechanical strength and to regulate bone metabolism in the CUMS mice. The net effect was that Chaihu-Shugan-San was able to produce beneficial effects for skeletal tissues in the depressive mice.

A Experimental Study published in 2024 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that A refined composition of Jiawei-Xiaoyao Pill, containing Gardeniae Fructus, Moutan Cortex, and Angelica Sinensis Radix, shows rapid antidepressant-like effects. The methodology involved experimenting with individual herbs that are already known to exhibit antidepressant-like impacts. These herbs, including Moutan Cortex, Angelica Sinensis Radix, Bupleuri Radix, Paeonia Radix Alba, were combined with Gardeniae Fructus, each in proportions relative to their presence in Jiawei-Xiaoyao Pill, to find the desired formula. Rapid antidepressant effects were evaluated through the Novelty Suppressed Feeding Test and various other behavioral trials post a one-time administration. Once the formula was identified, it was then subjected to additional testing with a model that simulates depression using lipopolysaccharide. The results showed that a combination of Gardeniae Fructus, Moutan Cortex and Angelica Sinensis Radix, at their dosages proportional to Jiawei-Xiaoyao Pill, is capable of triggering rapid antidepressant-like reactions. Similar to the effects seen with Jiawei-Xiaoyao Pill and Scopolamine, this formula swiftly mitigated neuroinflammation signals and boosted neuroplasticity. It also offset the overexpression of certain NMDAR sub-units in the hippocampal region of mice under a depression model. It was observed that the formula rapidly revitalized the number of certain positive cells that had been diminished by depression simulation. The antidepressant effects of the formula and the upregulation of BDNF signaling were hindered by the use of rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR.

A published in 2024 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Chaihu Shugan powder improves insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome by regulating fatty acid metabolism and modulating the LXRα/SREBP-1 signaling pathway. In the methodology, the herbal compound Chaihu Shugan powder's primary metabolites were measured. A mouse model was created emulating metabolic syndrome-related insulin resistance using a high-fat, high-fructose diet coupled with chronic immobilization stress. The therapeutic effect of Chaihu Shugan powder was assessed through various tests including glucose and insulin tolerance tests, and the impact on hepatic insulin signaling molecules was also evaluated. A hepatocyte insulin resistance model was created using high-glucose and high-insulin conditions, and the Chaihu Shugan powder impact was again evaluated. The specific mechanism of the compound was further tested using the LXRα agonist T0901317. In the discussion of results, it was found that the metabolic syndrome-related insulin resistance model showed a decreased p-Akt/Akt ratio, and increased glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and hepatic lipid metabolism factors. These effects were mitigated with the treatment of Chaihu Shugan powder. In treating the hepatocyte insulin resistance model, the compound improved glucose uptake and affected the expression of insulin signaling and lipid metabolism factors positively. The beneficial effects of the compound were reversed when the LXRα agonist T0901317 was introduced, indicating the vital role of LXRα in the therapeutic effectiveness of Chaihu Shugan powder.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2024 in the journal Medicine found that The Danggui Sini Decoction, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, may prevent myocardial infarction by positively influencing cell proliferation, inflammatory responses, and aging processes. The researchers utilized network pharmacology and molecular docking to uncover the main components and targets of Danggui Sini Decoction (DSD) in the treatment of myocardial infarction. They examined myocardial infarction-related genes using the Genecards database and screened the active ingredients of DSD based on criteria relating to oral bioavailability and drug likeness. To understand the relationship between these components and their potential targets, the researchers generated a protein-protein interaction network diagram using the STRING database. Findings of the investigation led to the identification of 120 primary active ingredients and 561 putative active target genes. The main therapeutic targets were a number of genes associated with processes such as inflammation and cell proliferation. Furthermore, the researchers conducted gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of gene and genome analyses to understand the pathways that DSD acts upon in treating myocardial infarction. The results indicated that DSD treatment involves the positive regulation of certain cellular cascades signifying positive impact on cell proliferation, inflammatory responses, aging, and other biological processes. Molecular docking results indicate potential interactions between DSD and certain genes, suggesting its role in treatment.

A Experimental Study published in 2024 in the journal Frontiers in Neuroscience found that Suanzaoren Decoction, a traditional Chinese herbal formulation, can improve insomnia and depression by modifying gut microbiome and balancing metabolic pathways associated with both disorders. Through utilizing ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, the research examines 66 chemical constituents within Suanzaoren Decoction, a popular traditional Chinese herbal formulation. The experiment uses various dosages of Suanzaoren Decoction on rat models presenting symptoms of insomnia and depression. Injecting low-dose Suanzaoren Decoction substantially improves insomnia symptoms while administration of a high-dose significantly alleviates depressive behaviors in the experimental subjects. The research also observes significant changes in the gut microbiota of the experimental subjects, characterized by an enlarged population of bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids. Additionally, they found metabolic profiles indicating imbalance in affected rats, especially noticeable in reduced levels of certain amino acid metabolites and modifications in neurotransmitter metabolism within the brain. Suanzaoren Decoction restores a healthy balance in gut microbiota, reestablishes fecal short-chain fatty acid levels, and corrects metabolic disturbances in both body fluid and brain tissue. This highlights how regulation of gut microbiome and metabolic pathways are key areas through which the therapeutic effects of Suanzaoren Decoction are mediated, forming a scientific rationale for its usage in managing insomnia and depression.

A published in 2024 in the journal Medicine found that Chaihu Shugan Powder, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been identified to potentially alleviate premenstrual syndrome through 17 specific signaling pathways. The methodology used in this study involved a comprehensive review and analysis of active ingredients, pharmacological mechanisms, and clinical applications of Chaihu Shugan Powder (CSP) for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). This was done through extensive literature searches and analysis of the herbal components within the CSP formulation. A network pharmacology approach was then utilized to discern the main signaling pathways of CSP for treating PMS. In discussing the results, this study has systematically summarized the active ingredients and pharmacological mechanisms of the seven traditional Chinese medicine components present in CSP. Through network pharmacology analysis, 75 common targets of CSP relevant to treating PMS were identified. These targets were predominantly found within 17 specific signaling pathways, illustrating how CSP may influence PMS on a molecular level. These findings underscore the potential therapeutic impacts of CSP on PMS and its possible wider clinical application.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2024 in the journal Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology found that Chaihu Shugan San, a traditional Chinese medicine, shows promising activity in treating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by regulating liver lipid metabolism and mitigating inflammatory damage. This study made use of network pharmacology to examine the potential effects of Chaihu Shugan San (CSS) against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in mice. The disease was induced through a choline-deficient high-fat diet and treated with CSS. Online databases were used to identify potential targets in CSS and NASH, then functional enrichment and protein interaction analyses were carried out to pinpoint key genes and unravel the mechanisms at play. The relationships between active substances in CSS and key genes were assessed using molecular docking. This process was concluded by verifying these key genes through techniques such as real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence. In the findings, it was reported that CSS lowered certain enzyme levels in NASH mice and improved liver health, reducing degeneration. The analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry identified 12 peaks, including naringenin. Through network pharmacology analysis, a total of 103 active compounds and 877 target genes in CSS were identified, with the focus on transferase activity. The transcriptional levels and protein expression of the SIRT1 gene increased notably in NASH mice following CSS treatment, identifying naringenin as the probable active compound and SIRT1 as the pivotal gene in CSS's role in treating NASH.

A Systematic Review published in 2024 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Guizhi Fuling Wan, a traditional Chinese herbal formula, can inhibit endometriosis growth and enhance the effects of western medicines used to treat the condition. In the methodology, a bibliographic assessment of publications on "Guizhi Fuling Wan" and "endometriosis" indexed in international and chinese databases was conducted. Out of these, five pre-clinical studies and thirteen clinical were selected. Thereafter, targeted molecules of each herb in the formula were extracted from a Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and compared with endometriosis-related genes from DisGeNET. To expose potential therapeutic mechanisms of Guizhi Fuling Wan, pathway and gene ontology analyses were performed using David Bioinformatics Resources. In the results discussion, it was found that both pre-clinical and clinical studies suggested that Guizhi Fuling Wan can inhibit the growth of endometriotic lesions by modulating immunity, apoptosis-regulating molecules, and angiogenesis-associated factors, while also enhancing the effects of western medicines for endometriosis. The formula likely achieves this through its impact on key pathways involved in diabetes complications, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection, human cytomegalovirus infection, and atherosclerosis, which all regulate inflammation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. The review also notes a strong connection between endometriosis and abnormal inflammatory, angiogenic, and apoptotic activities.

A Systematic Review published in 2024 in the journal Medicine found that Combining the Traditional Chinese Medicine formula Chaihu-Shugan-San (CSS) with antidepressants results in more effective and safer treatment of depression patients. The team accessed multiple databases such as PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, SinoMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chongqing VIP, and Wanfang to gather clinical data. The quality of these studies was gauged using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, after which the data underwent a meta-analysis using Review Manager and Stata software. Information was also extracted from a genome-wide association study, and Mendelian randomization was carried out using R Software. Their analysis incorporated 15 studies involving 1034 patients and six types of antidepressant drugs. It was discovered that a combination of CSS and antidepressants notably improved depressive symptoms, heightened the rate of efficacy, and diminished side effects compared to use of an antidepressant alone. CSS alone also showed fewer side effects compared to a single antidepressant, and, mimicked the depressive symptom improvement provided by antidepressants. The study also used Mendelian randomization to assess the safety of traditional antidepressants, finding a causal relationship between the antidepressant amitriptyline and body mass index.

A published in 2024 in the journal Biopolymers found that The active ingredients in Chaihu Shugan Powder, quercetin and luteolin, can increase the sensitivity to chemotherapy and inhibit cell growth in triple-negative breast cancer. In the methodology of this study, the scientific investigators sourced herbal components of Chaihu Shugan Powder from the Traditional Chinese Medicines Systems Pharmacology database, selecting effective molecules and their relevant targets. Using the STRING database, a protein-protein interaction network was constructed that incorporated the chosen molecules and target genes. The top 50 nodes ranked by affinity were selected for future functional analysis. Cytoscape software was used to build a drug-active ingredient-gene interaction network. Molecular docking techniques were used to identify the small molecules that target resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. A range of tests were performed, including cell counting, colony formation assays and flow cytometry. Through the analysis of the results, it was discovered that the active ingredients of Chaihu Shugan Powder, quercetin and luteolin, inhibit the proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer cells and promote chemotherapy sensitization. This sensitisation is achieved by repressing the TNF signalling pathway. This leads to the conclusion that employing quercetin and luteolin in combination with chemotherapy could offer a new approach to the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer.

A Experimental Study published in 2024 in the journal Phytomedicine found that Jiawei Xiaoyao Wan treatment shows a dual therapeutic effect on breast cancer with depression by interacting with multiple targets and significantly regulating neurotransmitter and inflammatory levels. The methodology used in this research ground itself in a combination of network pharmacology and in vivo experimental verification. The investigators utilized liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry to characterize the chemical constituents of Jiawei Xiaoyao Wan (JXW). Predictive databases were utilized to identify targets related to the identified constituents and to screen for breast cancer and depression targets. Using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery, the researchers performed Gene Ontology annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis. A mouse model with breast cancer complicated with depression, induced by chronic restraint stress, was adopted for experimental verification. The results revealed a total of 108 components in JXW and suggested that, by network pharmacology analysis, there were significant overlaps in compound targets between JXW and breast cancer, and depression targets. In vivo testing supported that JXW effectively soothes depressive symptoms and inhibits tumor progression in the mouse model. The research inferred that the therapeutic effects of JXW might be through regulating neurotransmitter and inflammatory levels in subjects and that the JAK2/STAT3 pathway plays a big role in this process.

A published in 2024 in the journal Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine found that Chaihu Shugan San, an herbal formula, showcases rapid antidepressant effects in chronically stressed female mice by suppressing certain neural receptors and activating synaptic proteins. The study commenced with female mice being randomly grouped and subjected to irregular stress for four weeks to create a chronic mild stress model. The mice were then given a single dose of either Chaihu Shugan San or another control substance. After two hours, a series of behavioural tests were performed including open field test, tail suspension test, forced swimming test, novelty suppression feeding test, and sucrose preference test. Additionally, western blot analysis was utilized to examine the expression levels of certain neural receptors, synaptic proteins, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Upon comparing results with the control group, the CSS-administered group showed reversals in all behavioural defects caused by stress. Furthermore, CSS significantly reduced the expressions of certain neural receptors in the mice's hippocampus, similarly to ketamine. Levels of synaptic proteins and brain-derived neurotrophic factor also increased after CSS treatment. However, the rapid antidepressant effects of CSS were obstructed when the NMDA receptors in the hippocampus were transiently activated. Consequently, the study concluded that the antidepressant effects of CSS relied on the rapid suppression of neural receptors and activation of synaptic proteins.

A published in 2024 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Chaihu Shugan Powder (CHSGP) may treat functional dyspepsia by reducing interstitial cells of cajal's mitophagy stimulated by CCCP, through the up-regulation of the PINK1/Parkin pathway. The team designed an experiment where they first established a functional dyspepsia rat model in vivo using the tail-clamping stimulation technique. Gastric emptying rate, small intestinal propulsion rate test, H&E staining, and Immunohistochemistry were implemented to check the therapeutic impacts of the CHSGP on the rat model. The effects of CHSGP on CCCP-mediated ICC mitophagy were then studied in vitro using a multitude of scientific methods, including CCK8, Transmission electron microscope, immunofluorescence co-staining, Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot. The results showed that the CHSGP had positive effects, promoting gastric motility, and increasing the ICC numbers while regulating protein expression in the FD rats. Further investigations also revealed that CHSGP was seen to decrease protein expression in vitro. The study showed that CHSGP worked by elevating USP30 protein expression that subsequently led to the reduction of CCCP-stimulated ICC mitophagy by inhibiting activation of the PINK1/Parkin pathway. This hence suggests that CHSGP could potentially serve as an effective treatment for functional dyspepsia.

A published in 2024 in the journal Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine found that Chaihu Shugan San (CSS), a traditional herbal formula, can potentially manage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by regulating immune-related factors in the tumor environment and synergizing with sorafenib. The research explored the mechanisms of CSS and its interaction with sorafenib in treating HCC. The effect on HCC cell proliferation was tested through an MTT assay, helping in the evaluation of CSS combined with sorafenib. To identify key gene targets of CSS in HCC, the researchers used LASSO-Cox regression and developed a three-gene signature model. They looked for correlations between immune cells, immune checkpoints, and the risk score to evaluate the influence of CSS on immunity. The binding interactions between the CSS components and the target genes were validated using molecular docking and Surface Plasmon Resonance assays. The results revealed that CSS and sorafenib worked together to inhibit the growth of HCC cells. The researchers identified a network of ten core compounds and 224 targets by using a drug compound-target network. The predictive three-gene model targets (AKT1, MAPK3, and CASP3) indicated that heightened risk scores corresponded with cancer-promoting immune cells and elevated immune checkpoint protein expression. Validation of the strong binding affinity of CSS's active components to the target genes was achieved using molecular docking and Surface Plasmon Resonance. Western blot analysis affirmed that CSS indeed inhibited the expression of these gene targets when used simultaneously with sorafenib.

A Animal Study published in 2024 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that SuanZaoRen Decoction (SZRD) showed therapeutic improvements on Alzheimer's-related neuronal loss, synaptic damage, and ferroptosis, by regulating the DJ-1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. In this study, Liquid chromatography-Mass Spectrometry was utilized to identify the active ingredients from SuanZaoRen Decoction (SZRD). This was then applied to a genetically engineered mouse model (APP/PS1 mouse) for Alzheimer's disease, which was also treated with a ferroptosis inhibitor, Liproxstatin-1, as a control. Various forms of staining, along with immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy were used to evaluate the effects of SZRD on factors such as neuronal loss, synaptic damage, and amyloid-beta deposition. Other methods, like iron staining and an iron assay kit, measured SZRD's impact on ferroptosis. SZRD was found to have alleviated learning and memory impairments in the mouse model, with notable improvements in terms of neuronal loss and degenerated neurons, achieved through the inhibition of amyloid-beta deposits. Additionally, SZRD mitigated synaptic damage and inhibited iron accumulation in the hippocampus - an area significantly affected by Alzheimer's disease. More importantly, SZRD was found to regulate the DJ-1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, affecting protein expression levels and contributing towards an overall decrease in oxidative stress in the hippocampus.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2024 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Chaihu-Shugan-San, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, is more effective than a placebo in treating Functional Dyspepsia, relieving anxiety and depression, and regulating gut microbiota. The trial involved 94 participants, diagnosed with Functional Dyspepsia under the Rome IV criteria, randomized into two equal groups for a four-week treatment with either Chaihu-Shugan-San (CSS) or a placebo at Shuguang Hospital. Evaluations were made based on the dyspepsia symptom scores, gastric emptying rate, anxiety and depression scales, and the quality of life scale. Additionally, the gut microbiota of a select 30 patients in the CSS group were analyzed before and after treatment using 16S rRNA sequencing. After the treatment, the CSS group showed a significant improvement in symptom scores, gastric emptying rate, and anxiety and depression levels compared to the placebo group. Additionally, the CSS treatment resulted in modulations of the bacterial community structure, with both upregulation and downregulation of certain bacteria, indicating that CSS has an influence on the gut microbiota in FD patients.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2024 in the journal Hereditas found that The Suanzaoren Decoction seems to address Alzheimer's coupled with diabetes through particular ingredients interacting with specific genes involved in disease and therapeutic response. The study first screened the protein interactors of the main components of Suanzaoren Decoction (SZRD) in the TCMSP database. These protein targets were then cross-referenced with gene candidates influencing both diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, as identified from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Potentially shared genes were further examined going through a gene-drug-compound-target-disease network and a protein-protein interaction network. The intersecting genes underwent Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses to understand their biological functions and involvement in pathways. In the discussion of the results, a subset of 1,977 diabetes-related genes and 622 Alzheimer’s-related genes were identified, with 97 found to be common among SZRD, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. Specified compounds within SZRD, namely quercetin, kaempferol, licochalcone a, isorhamnetin, formononetin, and naringenin were proposed to be the active ingredients, primarily interacting with genes such as IL6, TNF, IL1B, CXCL8, IL10, CCL2, ICAM1, STAT3, and IL4. The therapeutic effect of SZRD was demonstrated to be involved in cellular responses to drugs, aging processes, and cellular responses to foreign substances, as well as in cancer and cardiovascular pathways. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed high-affinity binding between several SZRD compounds and the proteins CXCL8, IL1B, and CCL2, indicating the therapeutic potential of these interactions.

A Animal Study published in 2024 in the journal Translational Neuroscience found that Suanzaoren decoction holds potential as a depression treatment by regulating key proteins specific to the Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase signalling pathway in the brain. In this study, the impact of Suanzaoren decoction (SZRD) on a commonly known 'memory molecule' pathway, the Calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) pathway, was investigated to flush out the mechanism behind its effect on depression-like behavior. A rat model of depression was created by subjecting the animals to chronic unexpected mild stress, before administering SZRD or fluoxetine - an antidepressant, via intragastric methods. Examination of protein and mRNA expression levels of certain elements of the CaMK pathway in the hippocampus, such as CaM, CaMK I, and CaMK IV, was carried out using Western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry techniques, thus revealing the possible interaction between SZRD and the CaMK pathway. The results of this investigation observed that administration of Suanzaoren decoction resulted in significant improvement in the mood of the rat models demonstrating depressive behavior. An interesting revelation was that the CaMK signaling pathway, and particularly some key proteins within the pathway, were shown to be modulated by the use of SZRD. These findings suggest the potential of SZRD as a depression-treating agent which might operate by influencing the CaMK signaling apparatus in the brain, providing possibilities for improved mood and reduced life pressures.

A Animal Study published in 2024 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Chaihu Shugan powder significantly lessens liver lipid accumulation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease models, possibly through regulation of specific microRNAs. The research used nonalcoholic fatty liver disease models created by subjecting rats to an 8-week high-fat diet. The impact of Chaihu Shugan powder on the disease was studied using a variety of methods including physiological, biochemical and pathological analysis, and a hepatic surface microcirculation perfusion test. In addition, the experiment explored Chaihu Shugan powder's effect on the microRNA expression profile of the diseased rats, using microRNA sequencing. Then, using a network pharmacological approach, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology analyses were performed on the common target genes of Chaihu Shugan powder, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and differently-expressed microRNAs. The findings revealed that treatment with Chaihu Shugan powder significantly improved outcomes in the rats — it notably decreased liver lipid accumulation and levelled serum lipid and transaminase. Alongside this, it was observed that Chaihu Shugan powder intervention reversed the hyper-expression of 15 microRNAs in the rats' liver tissues. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that Chaihu Shugan powder might exert its beneficial effects by influencing microRNAs related to fatty acid metabolic processes. Additionally, molecular biology experiments revealed lower gene and protein levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha and fatty acid synthase after treatment, indicating a reduction in fatty acid biosynthesis.

A published in 2024 in the journal Mediators of Inflammation found that Chaihu Shugan powder, a traditional Chinese medicine, reduces fat accumulation and inflammation in the liver, potentially through activation of autophagy and ferroptosis pathways. Methodology: For the study, a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis was induced using a methionine-choline deficient diet. Once the disease state was established, Chaihu Shugan powder was administered to the mice. The researchers then monitored the levels of various liver and serum indicators to assess the effects of the treatment. Results: Following treatment, lipid accumulation and inflammation in the liver were both significantly diminished across the subjects. Analysis of gene expressions revealed changes in relation to over a thousand genes, most notably those involved in the bio-chemical processes of autophagy and ferroptosis. When checking the levels of proteins associated with these functions within the liver, it was observed that levels returned to normal when the mice were treated with Chaihu Shugan powder. Further investigation revealed that the suppression of autophagy appeared to restrict the occurrence of ferroptosis in the liver, suggesting that the activation of autophagy may play a significant role in mediating ferroptosis in cases of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

A Experimental Study published in 2024 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Suanzaoren Decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine, exhibited antidepressant effects by regulating specific inflammatory and neuroplasticity pathways. Methodology: The study investigated the impact of SZRD on a depression induced rat model, implementing chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and a neuroinflammation model induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Body weight and behavioral indexes for the rat model were recorded after 4-week SZRD treatment. Brain pathological damage was observed using Hematoxylin and eosin staining and neuronal apoptosis via TUNEL staining. Various techniques were employed to measure inflammatory factors and important pathways, and neuroplasticity index proteins. Results: The study discovered that treating depression-model rats with SZRD significantly changed their behaviors, reduced inflammatory factors, and increased the expression of neuroplasticity index proteins. SZRD also inhibited the activation of certain pathways, which was further validated through experiments with the addition of pathway agonists. Overall, SZRD demonstrated the potential to combat depression by interacting with specific pathways, pointing to a new direction in depression treatment research.

A Experimental Study published in 2024 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Suanzaoren Decoction (SZRD), a traditional Chinese prescription, behaves differently in the system of healthy rats compared to depression model rats, providing insight into its potential as a treatment for depression. Researchers used an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap Mass Spectometry method to study the prototype components and metabolites of SZRD in various samples taken from both healthy and depression model rats. They were subsequently able to speculate on possible metabolic pathways. In addition, a network pharmacological study was conducted on the components present in the plasma of the model rats. Certain components screened by network pharmacology, along with other representative active components, were identified for a comparative pharmacokinetic study. To cement the results, molecular docking was used to analyse the binding affinity between potential key targets and active components. In the study, a total of 115 components were identified in healthy rats, while 101 components were identified in model rats. Notably, there were differences observed in the prototype components and metabolites across plasma, brain, urine, and feces samples between the two groups of rats. The study defined the main metabolic pathways including phase I and phase II metabolic reactions. Further, it was predicted that 10 components and 10 core targets were linked to critical pathways such as the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, cAMP signaling pathway, serotonergic synapse, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. This information provided a foundation for the further exploration of the antidepressive action of SZRD. Finally, the research provided promising indications regarding the pharmacokinetic behavior of seven key active components, showing differences between healthy and depressed rats after the administration of SZRD.

A Experimental Study published in 2024 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that The Jiawei-Xiaoyao pill, a traditional Chinese medicine, has shown rapid and enduring antidepressant effects through stimulation of CaMKII signaling and activation of the mTOR-BDNF pathway. The research study aimed to evaluate the antidepressant potential of Jiawei-Xiaoyao pill, achieved through the use of various behavioral paradigms and a corticosterone-induced depression model in mice. In addition, measures included the evaluation of molecular neuroplasticity signaling and the expression of BDNF in the hippocampus through the use of immunoblotting and immunostaining. Further exploration was made into the possible influence of specific signaling through the use of pharmacological interventions. The outcomes demonstrated that a single dose of Jiawei-Xiaoyao pill produced quick and lasting antidepressant impacts in both typical and chronic corticosterone-exposed mice. These effects were characterized by an increase at 30 minutes post-dose in the phosphorylation of CaMKII, mTOR, ERK, and the expressions of BDNF, synapsin1, and PSD95. The medicine also restored the expression of BDNF in the hippocampal dentate gyrus reduced by corticosterone exposure.

A Experimental Study published in 2023 in the journal Aging found that Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen formula has shown potential in delaying kidney deterioration in chronic kidney disease by rejuvenating the process of creating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The study was conducted utilizing an adenine-diet feeding model for inducing chronic kidney disease in a breed of mice. For 4 weeks, these mice were given Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen formula orally. Human proximal tubular epithelial cells were stimulated with a growth factor, with or without the formula. Assessments were made of renal function via serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, with renal histopathological changes evaluated through specific staining techniques. Further, cell viability and NAD+ concentrations were monitored with assay kits. The Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen formula did not only help in the improvement of renal function and reduction of pathological injury but it also inhibited renal fibrosis in the mice with chronic kidney disease. Moreover, the same formula was found to reverse fibrotic responses induced by a growth factor in human proximal tubular epithelial cells. Importantly, the formula was observed to recover the decreased NAD+ content in the chronic kidney disease mice and the human cells, bringing about the restoration of the expression of vital enzymes in the NAD+ synthesis process.

A Experimental Study published in 2023 in the journal Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy found that Suanzaoren Decoction could potentially treat depression by regulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis, reducing dysfunctional intestinal flora, and inhibiting a certain inflammatory signaling pathway. In the methodology, SZRD was applied to a mouse model under chronic unpredictable mild stress, simulating depressive-like behaviours. The researchers gauged the efficacy of SZRD by performing behavioural tests. Further, they used ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry to identify and analyse serum metabolites in these depression model rats. The results demonstrated that SZRD treatment was effective in improving depressive-like behaviors in the mice model. Also, through immunohistochemistry and western blotting, signs of a decrease in activation of certain signaling pathways in the brain and colon of the mice were observed. Additionally, SZRD treatment was seen to lessen histopathological injury in the hippocampus and colon. Finally, it was shown that SZRD could help correct the imbalance of intestinal flora in depressive mice.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2023 in the journal Medicine found that The Modified Suanzaoren decoction effectively improves cognitive function in stroke patients with insomnia possibly by regulating hormones in brain-body communication pathways. In the methodology of this research study, a total of 80 participants, all of whom suffered from cognitive impairment and insomnia following stroke, were randomly divided into two groups. The treatment group was treated with the Modified Suanzaoren decoction while the control group received zolpidem. Over a period of four weeks, the cognitive function, sleep quality, depression, and anxiety disorders of each group were examined, while also evaluating stroke severity and functional independence. Hormone levels in the brain-body communication pathways were also monitored. In regard to the results, the study found that the Modified Suanzaoren decoction had a more positive impact on cognitive improvement than the control group, while the two groups had a similar effect on mitigating insomnia. No significant differences were observed between the groups in daily living activities and stroke severity improvement. Further, the treatment group demonstrated superior improvement in depressive states and showed more significant reductions in cortisol levels. Improved levels of a hormone produced by the thyroid gland were also more significant in the treatment group than the control group. Despite some participants dropping out, these distinctions remained noteworthy.

A published in 2023 in the journal Molecular Neurobiology found that The traditional Chinese herbal formula, Chaihu Shugan San, can potentially improve perimenopausal depression by altering brain functional network connectivity and hippocampus energy metabolism. In the methodology, the researchers utilized a network pharmacology approach that included the use of a perimenopausal depression rat model. The network pharmacology analysis allowed the team to uncover how energy metabolism, neurotransmitter metabolism, inflammation, and hormone metabolic processes might contribute to the anti-depressive effects of the Chaihu Shugan San(CSS). They then measured the levels of estradiol, glutamate, and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the rat models using ELISA. In addition to this, they assessed the brain functional network connectivity between the hippocampus and other nearby brain regions using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Finally, a targeted metabolomic analysis of the hippocampal tricarboxylic acid cycle was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results of this research suggest that CSS treatment can significantly improve the behavioral performance of the PMS+CUMS rat models. It has been observed that the CSS treatment was also able to decrease the serum glutamate levels while increasing the serum 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in these models. Moreover, the study also found that the brain functional connectivity between the hippocampus and other brain regions, which was negatively affected by PMS+CUMS, could be improved by CSS treatment. Within the metabolites present in the hippocampal tricarboxylic acid cycle, the concentrations of citrate were found to be improved upon CSS treatment.

A Systematic Review published in 2023 in the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology found that Jia Wei Xiao Yao San could potentially enhance the effectiveness of antithyroid drugs in treating hyperthyroidism especially in symptom relief and side effect reduction. To evaluate this claim, a systematic and comprehensive dive into eight databases and three trial registries up until May 2023 was performed. From this, Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) were earmarked and subjected to further analysis using the Review Manager software application (RevMan 5.4) and Stata 14.0. Assessments of bias in these studies were conducted using the Cochrane risk of bias tool 1.0, while the GRADE tool was implemented for overall quality assessment. In addition, any case reports utilizing JWXYS in singular use and relevant pharmacological studies were summarized for further understanding. This investigation involved 13 RCTs with a total of 979 participants. It was found that, when compared with standalone antithyroid drug treatment, the combination of JWXYS and antithyroid drugs resulted in improved control of thyroid hormones, better efficacy in treating traditional Chinese medicinal syndrome, lesser incidence of goiter, fewer side effects, and lower levels of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibodies. Furthermore, dosage reduction of antithyroid drugs when used in combination with JWXYS also led to fewer side effects. However, when compared to antithyroid drugs treatment in a single trial, JWXYS showed mixed results indicating it is not recommended for use as a standalone treatment except in patients intolerant to antithyroid drugs. The evaluation of three case reports highlighted that patients may opt for traditional Chinese medicine only as an alternative due to severe side effects and recurrent relapses. Three other pharmacological studies showed the potential of JWXYS in restoring Th17/Treg balance, regulating thyroid cell growth, and alleviating oxidative stress in liver.

A Systematic Review published in 2023 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Siho-sogan-san (SHS), a traditional medicine, has shown promise in the safe and effective treatment of functional dyspepsia, a chronic upper gastrointestinal syndrome. In this study, researchers sifted through eleven databases, including EMBASE, Medline, and the Cochrane Library, for randomized controlled trials on functional dyspepsia published before year-end 2022. Using two independent reviewers, studies were screened and selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and clinical data was subsequently compiled and analyzed using the Review Manager software. Outcome parameters assessed were total clinical effectiveness rate, time for symptom improvement, levels of motilin and corticotropin-releasing hormone, and adverse events. A Cochrane risk of bias tool was employed for quality assessment. A total of 12 studies involving 867 participants were analyzed. Findings revealed that Siho-sogan-san (SHS) was more effective in increasing total clinical effectiveness rate when compared with Western medicine. Additionally, a combined approach of SHS and Western medicine reduced symptoms such as abdominal pain, belching, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal distension more rapidly and proved to excrete significantly more motilin. Corticotropin-releasing hormone levels were not noticeably different in both groups. Further, it was found that SHS was more effective when administered based on type of pattern identification.

A Systematic Review published in 2023 in the journal Heliyon found that The quality assessment and risk of bias evaluation of animal studies on the use of Chaihu-Shugan-San for depression found significant methodological flaws and poor reporting. A rigorous review was conducted by two researchers, who searched a multitude of databases from their inception until October 23, 2021, to identify eligible studies. The purpose was to analyze the quality of reporting and the risk of bias in these animal studies, utilizing the Animal Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments guidelines and the SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation risk of bias tool. From an initial pool of 720 records, only 30 were deemed appropriate for inclusion. The results showed suboptimal reporting, with certain aspects not documented at all. Half of the criteria evaluated showed an unclear or high risk of bias, including performance bias, detection bias, and sequence generation. It was also noted that assessments of random outcomes carried a high risk of bias. This underlined considerable methodological deficiencies in these animal studies, as well as shortcomings in reporting.

A Experimental Study published in 2023 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that The herbal decoction Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen reduces symptoms of chronic kidney disease and anaemia by improving iron metabolism and inhibiting the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway. Methodology used included an analysis of network pharmacology, chemical profiling, and in vivo experiments on the effect of Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen (JPYS) on renal anemia and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The active compounds in JPYS were detected in in vivo experiment, and their potential targets were predicted by network pharmacology. An animal model of CKD-related anemia was developed using adenine-feeding for further analysis. The estimation of renal injury was conducted using blood tests, histopathological examinations, and fibrosis degree assessment while the levels of JAK2, STAT3 and iron metabolism-related factors were measured through various techniques. Discussion of the results reveals that 164 active ingredients, including prototypes and metabolites in JPYS, were discovered and 21 core targets were identified. Many of these core targets were associated with the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathways. Experimental results demonstrated that JPYS treatment significantly improved hematological parameters and iron metabolism in CKD rats, decreased certain indicators of renal damage, and suppressed the expression of JAK2 and STAT3.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2023 in the journal Phytomedicine found that Suanzaoren decoction demonstrates significant anxiolytic effect and reveals potential therapeutic mechanisms via improved component targeting and application strategies. Researchers first administered Suanzaoren decoction (SZRD) to a mouse model of anxiety induced by chronic restraint stress. They gauged the efficacy of the treatment through a combination of behavioural indicators and biochemical parameters. Using an investigative strategy based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS technology and network pharmacology, the team then screened and analysed potentially effective components and therapeutic mechanisms in SZRD. For component validation, molecular docking was used. Finally, they constructed a multivariate network to visualize the effects of SZRD on anxiety. The outcomes showed that SZRD could potentially alleviate anxiety symptoms. This was evident from the increase in the time the mice spent in open areas and the proportion of entries into these open areas, and the improvement of certain neurological parameters within the hippocampus. They also found that SZRD influenced sleep pattern without causing muscle relaxation. Examination of SZRD composition identified 110 components, 20 of which were absorbable into the bloodstream. They also discovered 21 serum biomarkers with SZRD intervention involved in diverse metabolic processes. The study resulted in a multivariate network detailing the most effective components, targets and pathways of SZRD against anxiety.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2023 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan significantly reduced menstrual pain in primary dysmenorrhea patients with heat-burning blood-stasis syndrome, without notable adverse effects. In the methodology, a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Eligible patients suffering from primary dysmenorrhea with heat-burning blood-stasis syndrome were randomly placed into two groups – one received Guizhi Fuling Wan, the other a placebo, administered twice daily across three menstrual cycles, with a 3-month follow-up. The primary measurement was the change in pain intensity from the beginning to the 6th month, gauged by using a Visual Analog Scale. In the discussion of results, data showed that the pain intensity (measured using Visual Analog Scale) significantly decreased in the Guizhi Fuling Wan group compared to the placebo over the 6 month period. Secondary measurements also indicated a greater reduction in Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale, Self-rating Anxiety Scale, and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome scores in the Guizhi Fuling Wan group compared to the placebo. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups when measuring the Self-rating Depression Scale. Furthermore, no serious adverse events were observed during the trial.

A published in 2023 in the journal Technology and Health Care found that Chaihu Shugan powder, a common treatment for functional dyspepsia in China, works by increasing protein levels of AKT1 and reducing serum levels of IL-6. The active components and relevant targets of Chaihu Shugan powder were identified from Traditional Chinese Medicine databases. These targets were then cross-referenced with those involved in functional dyspepsia from the GeneCards and Comparative Toxicogenomics databases. Using the protein-protein interactions analysis, common targets were identified. Afterward, the compound-target networks were created using Cytoscape, a software for visualizing complex networks. In the experiment, several active compounds and numerous related targets for Chaihu Shugan powder were found. Protein-protein interaction network analysis identified key functional dyspepsia-related compound targets. Molecular docking, a method for predicting the preferred orientation of one molecule to a second when bound to each other to form a stable complex, revealed that sitosterol and hyndarin interact favorably with AKT1 and IL-6 respectively, which are proteins involved in functional dyspepsia. Animal trials confirmed that Chaihu Shugan powder increases the protein levels of AKT1 and lowers serum levels of IL-6 in rats with functional dyspepsia.

A published in 2023 in the journal Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy found that Chaihu-Shugan-San, a traditional Chinese medicine, can improve symptoms in a post-stroke depression rat model by regulating microglia polarization, thereby inhibiting neuroinflammation. The study utilized male rats which were subjected to conditions simulating the effects of stroke and chronic unpredictable mild stress. Rats were then separated into groups that received various treatments including Chaihu-Shugan-San, a JAK-STAT3 inhibitor, a GSK3β overexpressing virus, or an empty virus (control). Alongside these groups were rats that received no specific treatment and rats not exposed to the initial stroke/chronic stress situation. All treated rats then underwent a series of tests, which included forced swimming, tail suspension, and sugar water preference tests, to ascertain their neurological deficit score. In addition to neurological testing, the study turned its focus to inflammatory factors, measuring protein expression related to the JAK/STAT3-GSK3β/PTEN/Akt pathway. Researchers also used transmission electron microscopy to observe the synaptic ultrastructure after treatment. Lastly, in an in vitro stroke depression model, scientists used flow cytometry to demonstrate that microglia polarization to the M1 phenotype could be reversed with the treatment of GSK3β overexpression virus, Chaihu-Shugan-San, or a JAK-STAT3 inhibitor. The overall findings concluded that Chaihu-Shugan-San provides a beneficial therapeutic effect on a model of post-stroke depression and works through the activation of the JAK/STAT3-GSK3β/PTEN/Akt pathway, indicating that its beneficial effects are due to suppression of neuroinflammation.

A Systematic Review published in 2023 in the journal Medicine found that Combining Guipi Decoction (GPD) with western medicine holds promise for improving chronic heart failure treatment by enhancing effectiveness and cardiac measures Guipi decoction (GPD) for chronic heart failure (CHF), revealed that when combined with western medicine it improved clinical effectiveness, echocardiographic measures, and reduced CHF biomarker levels, suggesting potential benefits for cardiac function and CHF progression.

A Systematic Review published in 2023 in the journal Medicine found that Meta-Analysis highlights promising role of Guipi Decoction as adjuvant therapy for chronic heart failure Gui Pi decoction, when combined with Western medicine, significantly improved the clinical effective rate and cardiac function indicators. The biomarkers associated with chronic heart failure were also reduced. This suggests Gui Pi decoction could be a promising adjuvant therapy for chronic heart failure.

A Systematic Review published in 2023 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Combined Ma Huang Fu Zi Xi Xin decoction and Shen Mai injection treatment showed improved heart rate and symptoms in under 60s with bradyarrhythmia Using Ma Huang Fu Zi Xi Xin decoction along with Shen Mai injection (SMI) treatment is better than just SMI treatment for patients under 60 with bradyarrhythmia. This combo improves heart rate and reduces symptoms, with no major side effects. The combination's effectiveness might come from shared heart-rate boosting components. However, there were differences in heart rate data due to varied ECG analysis.

A Animal Study published in 2023 in the journal Pharmaceutical Biology found that Chaihu Shugan San treatment in functional dyspepsia rats mitigates mitochondrial damage and enhances gastric motility via regulation of Drp-1-mediated mitophagy in interstitial cells of Cajal. In the methodology, forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five distinct groups: control, model, mdivi-1, mdivi-1 plus Chaihu Shugan San, and Chaihu Shugan San only. A functional dyspepsia model was established among the rats through tail-clamping stimulation. The groups that received Chaihu Shugan San were administered an aqueous solution of the treatment twice daily while mdivi-1 was injected intraperitoneally every alternate week over a month-long period. Mitochondrial damage was then observed using kits and the expressions of related proteins were assessed with Immunofluorescence or Western Blot. In the results discussion, conceptions in the model group indicated decreased superoxide dismutase and citrate synthase, leading to increased malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species. Also, co-localization expression of LC3 and voltage dependent anion channel 1, Drp-1 and translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane 20 significantly increased. Notably, the introduction of mdivi-1 or Chaihu Shugan San noticeably improved the above conditions, indicating that Chaihu Shugan San could enhance mitochondrial health and promote gastric motility in rats suffering from functional dyspepsia.

A Experimental Study published in 2022 in the journal Medicina found that Chaihu Shugan powder, a traditional Chinese medicine, presents potential advantages in treating post-stroke depression, showing potential as an alternative to conventional antidepressants. The research approach merges both clinical and experimental studies in exploring the effectiveness of Chaihu Shugan powder, a classic traditional Chinese medicine formula, in treating post-stroke depression. Starting from current clinical cases, the study thoroughly investigates the mechanisms of action and drug and chemical effects of this treatment. The attention is given to the performance of Chaihu Shuan powder in counteracting post-stroke depression, focusing on patients who have not shown an adequate response or experienced adverse reactions to commonly used antidepressants like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. The results indicate outstanding benefits of the Chinese herbal treatment for post-stroke depression. It shows that Chaihu Shugan powder could potentially offer a significant contribution to incapacity and recovery of cognitive dysfunction and motor function after a stroke. It also helps to prominently lessen the probability of neurovascular events coming back. This highlights the values of Chaihu Shugan powder that serves as an effective and promising alternative to the standard drug treatments for post-stroke depression.

A Experimental Study published in 2022 in the journal Gene found that The researchers developed a new system, AutoCircaS, that can effectively study sleep and rhythm in small animals and can screen for hypnotic sedatives. The researchers innovated a fresh system called AutoCircaS to examine various behaviors such as sleep, mating, and circadian rhythms in small animals like Drosophila flies and medaka fish. This was achieved through utilizing time-lapse imaging technology in a space unrestricted by confines of the traditional Drosophila Activity Monitor system. The system successfully detected insomnia in flies induced by caffeine, under both light-dark and constant dark conditions. The application of AutoCircaS led to significant improvements in caffeine-induced insomnia when the flies were treated with traditional Japanese herbal medicines such as KyushinKannouGan-ki, NouKassei, and Sansoninto. This suggests that AutoCircaS system can be extremely helpful in the analysis of sleep in small animals and in screening potential sedative-hypnotics from a wide variety of sources.

A Experimental Study published in 2022 in the journal Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports found that Paeoniflorin, a paeony root component, promotes glucose absorption by boosting estradiol secretion from fat cells, potentially preventing type 2 diabetes in menopausal women. Methodology: Adipocytes, created from 3T3-L1 cells, were cultivated in medium containing a variety of extracts, namely Kami-shoyo-san, paeony root, Kami-shoyo-san excluding paeony root, and paeoniflorin, for five days at specific conditions. Subsequently, paeoniflorin was injected once daily for 19 days into ovariectomized mice. A glucose tolerance test was then undertaken, along with determination of blood estradiol and adiponectin levels. Discussion of Results: Results showed an increased secretion of estradiol from the treated adipocytes and a significant decrease in glucose concentration when the cells were treated with Kami-shoyo-san and paeoniflorin. Moreover, paeoniflorin-treated mice showed lower blood glucose levels after glucose loading, indicating that paeoniflorin may have the potential to prevent type 2 diabetes in menopausal women by increasing estradiol secretion from fat cells.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2022 in the journal PeerJ found that The primary ingredient of Shenling Baizhu powder, Rutin, can improve polycystic ovary syndrome and postmenopausal osteoporosis by binding to the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor, thus inhibiting cell apoptosis. In this study, the active ingredients of Shenling Baizhu powder were identified using a Chinese medicine database, and Rutin emerged as having the highest binding affinity to the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor. This was determined through molecular dynamics simulation, eliminating any ambiguity. Then, to assess the efficacy of Rutin, it was used therapeutically on ovarian granulosa and osteoblast cell lines, with varying concentrations to determine the optimum dosage. Analyzing the results showed that the introduction of Rutin to both ovarian granulosa and osteoblast cell lines resulted in modified protein expressions, indicative of cellular adjustments. Specifically, expressions of the apoptosis-associated protein and the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor, among others, were decreased while the expression of protein Bcl-2 was increased. Moreover, cell proliferation was seen to significantly accelerate in both cell lines after treatment with Rutin.

A Animal Study published in 2022 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that The botanical drug formula Chaihu-Shugan-San potentially alleviates depression symptoms by modulating bile acid metabolism and altering gut microbiota and hippocampal gene expression. The study employed a well-known mouse model of depression, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice, to investigate the impact of Chaihu-Shugan-San (CSS), a traditional botanical drug formula. The researchers focused on whether CSS modulates the levels of bile acids and the composition of gut microflora, and consequently, depression-like symptoms. Additionally, they examined the effects of bile acid manipulation and fecal microbiota transplantation on the antidepressant effects of CSS. A key part of this investigation involved looking into how CSS could influence the abundance of specific microbial strains in the colon, serum levels of various bile acids, and the expression of genes connected to bile acid transport and neurotrophic signaling in the hippocampus. In their findings, the researchers observed that administering CSS increased the amounts of certain microbes in the mice's colon and elevated the serum levels of specific bile acids. CSS administration also resulted in alterations in the expression of genes within the hippocampus that are implicated in bile acid transport and neurotrophic signaling. It was also noted that fecal microbiota transplantation from CSS-treated mice to untreated or cholestyramine-treated CUMS mice restored serum levels of select bile acids and helped to alleviate depression-like symptoms.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2022 in the journal Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening found that The Chinese medicine formulas Zuo Gui Wan and You Gui Wan have the potential to treat premature ovarian failure through different pharmacological pathways. This study used a public database to identify the active ingredients and potential targets of the Zuo Gui Wan and You Gui Wan compounds. These were analyzed in relation to premature ovarian failure (POF) related genes obtained from OMIM and GeneCards. A protein-protein interaction network was established using STRING, and a drug-active ingredient-target gene network was constructed. The study thus identified similarities and differences in potential targets, active ingredients, and enriched pathways between the two compounds. Analyzing the drug-target-pathway network revealed that both compounds contain multiple common active ingredients, as well as unique components, and share several targets in the treatment of POF, showing similar core mechanisms of action. However, each compound also targets some unique pathways, which indicates their differential approaches to POF treatment.

A Systematic Review published in 2022 in the journal Dermatologic Therapy found that Long Dan Xie Gan formula used as an adjuvant therapy may hasten skin healing, relieve pain symptoms, and prevent persistent pain in acute herpes zoster patients. For the methodology, multiple databases such as PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Scientific Journal Database, and Wanfang were searched by two independent authors for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCT) until July 31, 2021. The chosen studies analysed the additive effects of LDXG formula, in different forms such as decoction, capsule, or pill, for acute herpes zoster management. Nine RCTs fitting the criteria were selected, totaling 821 patients for the meta-analysis. Concerning the results, statistical analysis using a random effect model revealed that adding LDXG formula to conventional therapy noticeably shortened the time of blister resolution, crust formation, and pain resolution. It also reduced the pain intensity and incidence of lingering pain for those with acute herpes zoster in comparison to conventional treatment alone. Yet, this evidence was assessed as being of very low to moderate certainty, indicating interpretation of these results should be cautious due to statistical heterogeneity and/or an unclear risk of bias existing.

A Experimental Study published in 2022 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that The Suanzaoren Decoction improves cognitive impairment caused by sleep disturbance through estrogen receptor pathway, providing a basis for its clinical application. The study initially explored the potential bioactive constituents and the operation mechanism of Suanzaoren Decoction (SZRD) in enhancing cognitive impairment through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vivo experiments. Network pharmacology and the literature were used to identify various Chinese herbs in SZRD and their disease-related targets. Gene ontology function enrichment analysis and pathway analyses of intersection targets were conducted using a relevant database. Following that, networks were built using the enrichment analysis results to further identify potential pathways, bioactive constituents, and hub genes. Additionally, molecular docking was employed to highlight the essential bioactive components and genes of SZRD accountable for improving cognitive impairment. The different potential active components and intersection targets identified by network pharmacology screening were analyzed. The vital bioactive components and hub genes were identified through analyzing the networks and molecular docking outcomes. The estrogen signalling pathway was highlighted as the most important in the enrichment analysis. With the help of in vivo experiments, it was demonstrated that SZRD could enhance cognitive impairment by influencing the estrogen signalling pathway and the expression of specific genes. This affirmed the effectiveness of SZRD in improving cognitive impairment caused due to sleep disturbance.

A Systematic Review published in 2022 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that HuoXiang ZhengQi (HQXXD) may be a safe and effective treatment for Chronic Cough Variant Asthma (CVA), improving clinical efficacy and airway responsiveness while reducing recurrence rates. HuoXiang ZhengQi (HQXXD) for Chronic Cough Variant Asthma (CVA) was systematically evaluated. The HQXXD group showed significantly higher total effective rates of clinical efficacy and airway responsiveness compared to the control group, while the recurrence rate was lower. Adverse reactions were not reported in HQXXD treatment, indicating its safety for CVA patients.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2022 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan can lessen the expression of certain proteins, which may be key to its ability to impede abnormal tissue invasion and metastasis in adenomyosis. Firstly, an approach called network pharmacology was utilized which involved identifying active components of GuizhiFuling Wan (GFW), its drug targets and disease targets through public databases, and finding shared targets. The biological function and pathway of GFW in treating adenomyosis were analyzed. Then, the interaction and strength of binding between key components and targets of GFW were verified by a method known as molecular docking. In the animal part of the study, the impact of GFW on the expression of several proteins in mice with adenomyosis was observed using different staining, protein analysis, and immunohistochemical techniques. Through collecting and intersecting data, 26 common targets were identified, with the key active compounds being baicalein, sitosterol, and -sitosterol, and the key targets being certain proteins. Enrichment analyses showed that processes such as the positive regulation of vascular endothelial migration and signaling pathways were involved in regulating angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis in adenomyosis. Furthermore, the molecular docking results suggested that the key active compounds had substantial binding potential with the key proteins. In vivo analysis suggested that GFW could decrease the serum content and protein expression of certain proteins in mice with adenomyosis. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that reducing the expression of these proteins might be a significant mechanism for GFW in inhibiting the invasion and metastasis of atypical tissues associated with adenomyosis.

A published in 2022 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Chaihu Shugan pills slow down the absorption of Duloxetine, induce its metabolism, and reduce plasma exposure in beagle dogs. Methodology: The study was conducted on six adult healthy beagle dogs, selected randomly. These dogs were subjected to a single-dose administration of Duloxetine Hydrochloride. Afterwards, they were administered Chaihu Shugan pills orally, twice daily, for 15 consecutive days. This medication regimen was followed by another single-dose administration of the Duloxetine Hydrochloride, with the entire experiment using a self-control method for the dogs. All plasma samples from the dogs were treated similarly, and the concentrations of Duloxetine and its metabolite, 4-hydroxyduloxetine, were measured using a method established with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Discussion of Results: The obtained data showed a decrease in the Duloxetine and 4-hydroxyduloxetine concentrations in the plasma samples of beagle dogs after the combination with Chaihu Shugan pills. The drug also induced the metabolism of these substances, shortening the time they remained in the system. The experiment demonstrated a linear relationship between Duloxetine and 4-hydroxyduloxetine concentrations, confirming the effectiveness of the applied ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneously measuring plasma concentration of Duloxetine and its metabolite in beagle dogs. This indicates that Chaihu Shugan pills can influence Duloxetine absorption and metabolism.

A Review Article published in 2022 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Xiao Yao San has potential as an effective and safe alternative treatment for depression, offering multiple mechanisms of action for its antidepressant effects. The article discusses the use of Xiaoyaosan, a traditional Chinese medicine formulation, in the treatment of depression. It reviews recent evidence from animal and clinical studies, highlighting the pharmacological mechanisms and effective components involved in the antidepressant effects of Xiaoyaosan. The review explores various factors such as neurotransmitters, neuroplasticity, inflammatory response, gut-brain axis, oxidative stress, and autophagy that contribute to its therapeutic effects. The article emphasizes the potential of Xiaoyaosan as an alternative therapy for depression and provides an overview of its mechanisms of action.

A Review Article published in 2022 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Various traditional Chinese medicine treatment strategies could potentially provide an effective alternative in slowing the progression of Chronic Kidney Disease. The study explores the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and various Chinese materia medica (CMM) to manage Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). The review delves deeper into the principles and treatment approaches of TCM in battling CKD, dictating that the disease's nature is deficient in the root and excessive in the branches, where deficiency and excess persist simultaneously throughout the condition. The main strategies employed by TCM in the treatment of CKD include invigorating Qi, tonifying kidneys, promoting blood circulation, removing stasis, eliminating heat and dampness, reducing turbidity, and controlling edema. The discussion highlights the effectiveness of several CMMs in treating CKD, which are undergirded by clinical evidence or experimental studies. Notably, it points out a correlation between the macroscopic view of TCM and the microscopic view of modern medicine. These TCM and CMM strategies are hailed for their multi-targeted and multi-functional characteristics, potentially providing an effective alternative treatment approach for CKD.

A Experimental Study published in 2022 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Jiawei Xiaoyao San, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, significantly influences intestinal microflora and plasma metabolites in liver cancer-ridden rats, potentially aiding in liver cancer treatment. The researchers conducted an exploratory study by constructing a rat model with liver cancer, characterised by liver stagnation and spleen deficiency. They specifically wanted to identify the regulatory effects of Jiawei Xiaoyao San, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, on plasma metabolites and intestinal microflora. To collect requisite data, plasma and faecal samples were extracted from the liver cancer rats and were subsequently put through microbiome 16S rDNA sequencing and metabolic ESI-QTRAP-MS/MS analysis. The research group then analysed these sets of data, individually and in combination, using several bioinformatics approaches. The comprehensive analysis of the plasma metabolism illustrated that the therapeutic effects of Jiawei Xiaoyao San on the liver cancer rats were related to eleven identified differential metabolites. These metabolites are involved in numerous significant signal pathways like primary bile acid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, pantothenate, and COA biosynthesis, among others. Together with the faecal microbiological analysis results, the study revealed that Jiawei Xiaoyao San can remarkably alter the intestinal flora composition in liver cancer rats by promoting beneficial bacteria and reducing the ratio of harmful bacteria. The study hence, underscores the potential of Jiawei Xiaoyao San in the conjunctive treatment of liver cancer, possibly by means of metabolism regulation and intestinal flora manipulation.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2022 in the journal Bioscience Reports found that The traditional Chinese medicine formula, Chaihu-Shugan-San, provides effective treatment for liver fibrosis through modulating inflammation responses, inhibiting angiogenesis, and regulating ECM remodeling. To uncover the therapeutic workings of Chaihu-Shugan-San (CHSGS) against liver fibrosis, the researchers employed a network pharmacology approach along with single cell and bulk transcriptomics. Initially, they identified 134 bioactive ingredients in CHSGS meeting certain criteria. Using these, they predicted 1150 genes to be impacted by CHSGS. Simultaneously, 625 liver fibrosis-related genes were picked out via single cell transcriptomics analysis. From these, they recognized 71 intersecting genes between CHSGS and liver fibrosis leading to the identification of 21 core targets and 12 core ingredients of CHSGS against liver fibrosis. The findings reveal that the key mechanisms for the formula's antifibrotic action involve the adjustment of inflammatory reactions, hindrance of angiogenesis, and the control of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) remodeling, with ECM remodeling regulation being of paramount importance. Validation of these mechanisms was carried out with molecular docking simulation which corroborated the strong interaction between the core targets and ingredients. Moreover, a 62-gene signature correlated with prognosis in cirrhotic patients was identified, potentially helping improve their survival chances through interaction with CHSGS.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2022 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Modified Xiao Chai Hu Decoction combined with mirtazapine shows superior effectiveness in treating persistent depressive disorder compared to traditional Chinese medicine alone. For the study, patients from the Naval General Hospital diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder were selected and divided into two groups. One group received modified Xiaochaihu Decoction only, while the other group was treated with a combination of modified Xiaochaihu Decoction and mirtazapine. To track progress, measurements were taken using the self-rating depression scale and the traditional Chinese medicine scale at the beginning of treatment, and again after a period of 12 weeks. Moreover, an account of any adverse reactions was also kept. The study results indicate the total effective rate was significantly higher in the combined group compared to the control group. It was also found that while post-treatment scores of the depression scales were lower in both groups, the difference between the groups was not statistically significant. However, the combined group reported higher improvement rates for symptoms like insomnia, bitter taste, languid, and belching/anorexia. An increased frequency of adverse events was also noted in the combined group.

A Systematic Review published in 2022 in the journal Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine found that Guizhi Shaoyao Zhimu Decoction was more effective and had fewer adverse reactions compared to the control group in the treatment of gout and the combined use of modified GSZD with other treatments showed decreased levels of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. This meta-analysis of 22 randomized controlled trials showed that Guizhi Shaoyao Zhimu Decoction (GSZD) was more effective and had lower adverse reactions compared to the control group for gout, and the combined use of modified GSZD with other treatments showed significant decreases in C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels.

A Cohort Study published in 2022 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Shenling Baizhu San (SBS), combined with mesalamine, can treat ulcerative colitis effectively by changing gut microbiota structures and increasing tryptophan metabolite levels. The methodology involved conducting a prospective cohort study to explore the potential therapeutic effects of SBS, used as a complementary medicine with mesalamine, on ulcerative colitis patients. There were 48 patients included in the study, out of which 24 were a part of the control group and given just mesalamine, while the remaining patients in the experimental group were administered mesalamine along with SBS. The efficacy of these treatments was evaluated after an elapsed period of 8 weeks. The study utilized procedures like 16S rRNA sequencing to observe the structures of gut microbiota (GMB), and UPLC-MS/MS to analyze microbial tryptophan metabolites. In terms of results discussion, the study noticed that the combination of SBS and mesalamine significantly enhanced the clinical symptoms of ulcerative colitis. This was observed through mucosal healing and reduced damage to the colon that the medicinal combination induced. The research also highlighted a novel discovery, the alteration of gut microbiota structures, and an observable increase in microbial levels of tryptophan metabolites when both SBS and mesalamine were used. This led to the conclusion that SBS acted as an effective supplementary therapy to the standard treatment, easing ulcerative colitis through an identified GMB-tryptophan metabolite axis.

A Experimental Study published in 2022 in the journal Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine found that The herbal medicine Sansoninto can reduce stress-induced aggressive behavior in mice, potentially by adjusting dopaminergic signaling. Methodology: Early on in their lives, mice were socially isolated for a time period of six weeks. Their aggressive behavior and overall activity were observed after Sansoninto treatment began four weeks into social isolation. Researchers also examined dopamine and its metabolites within the hypothalamus utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. PCR was employed to analyze gene expression of monoamine oxidase-B, catechol-O-methyltransferase, and tyrosine hydroxylase in the hypothalamus. Discussion: The findings revealed that Sansoninto treatment led to a significant reduction in the aggressive behavior induced by social isolation while introducing an increase in homovanillic acid, a dopamine metabolite. In spite of this, Sansoninto didn't cause any observable changes in dopamine levels. Mice that experienced social isolation exhibited enhanced locomotion and increased levels of catechol-O-methyltransferase mRNA. Conversely, Sansoninto-treated mice didn't show a significant increase in locomotion, and showed a decrease in catechol-O-methyltransferase mRNA levels. The findings suggest that Sansoninto's effect on reducing aggression can be attributed to its role in moderating dopaminergic signaling.

A Review Article published in 2022 in the journal Chinese Medicine found that Chinese herbal medicine interventions, particularly those based on the Bai-Tou-Weng-Tang and Shen-Ling-Bai-Zhu-San formulas, show promise in treating Ulcerative Colitis. This study analyzed Ulcerative Colitis clinical trials that used Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM) interventions by systematically searching seven electronic databases for articles published in English and Chinese until November 25, 2020. The focus was on different CHM treatments, including both single herbs and CHM formulas. Descriptive statistics were utilized to portray the characteristics of these studies, along with collecting commonly Chinese Medicine (CM) patterns of UC and frequently used CHM herbs and formulas. The data from a total of 2311 studies were compiled, most of which were Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) that utilized CHM formulas. Findings revealed that the most commonly reported CM pattern in UC was 'Large Intestine Dampness-Heat', with 'Spleen Deficiency' being the basic CM pattern-type reported. Top CHM treatment formulas included Bai-Tou-Weng-Tang and Shen-Ling-Bai-Zhu-San. The most frequently used single medicinals were Huang Lian and Bai Zhu. Common Western medicine compounds used in tandem with CHM treatments were Sulfasalazine and Mesalazine.

A Animal Study published in 2022 in the journal Phytomedicine found that Jia Wei Xiao Yao San, a potential antidepressant, influences gut microbiome composition, notably increasing Ileibacterium valens with potential in cerebral purine metabolism. In the methodology of this study, a chronic restraint stress mouse model of depression was set up to test the effects of potential antidepressant Jia Wei Xiao Yao San (JWXYS). The antidepressant was administered to the mice, and their behavior was then monitored through a series of tests. The activity of astrocytes and microglia in the animals was ascertained through the use of specific fluorescent labels and inflammatory cytokines were quantified in the intestinal and cerebral tissues of the mice. An integrated approach comprising full-length 16S rRNA sequencing and different types of untargeted metabolomics was used to investigate the gut microbiome at the species-level, metabolic brain functions, and their relationship with JWXYS. Upon discussion of results, it was found that the behaviour of the mice was linked to the relative abundance of a certain bacteria, Lactobacillus animalis. Moreover, following the administration of JWXYS, an increase was observed in the relative abundance of another bacteria, Ileibacterium valens, which was found to be potentially involved in purine metabolism. Concomitantly, the activation of astrocytes and microglia was found to be negatively correlated with the abundance of L. animalis. From network pharmacological analysis, it was determined that several targets based on JWXYS treatment were focused on purine metabolism. This metabolism was also enriched from cerebral metabolites regulated by JWXYS.

A Experimental Study published in 2022 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that The Chaihu Shugan Formula, a traditional Chinese medicine, not only effectively modulates intestinal gut microbiota but also strengthens gut barrier integrity and contains powerful anti-inflammatory properties. The study began by analysing the impact of the Chaihu Shugan Formula (CSF) on the simulated colonic microbiota of five healthy donors, while concurrently examining gut barrier integrity, and intestinal immunity. This was achieved by marrying the use of the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem technology platform with the co-culture of intestinal and immune cells. The examination revealed an increase in the production of certain healthy short-chain fatty acids, a boost in health-promoting Bifidobacterium species, and a decrease in certain pathogenic branching short-chain fatty acids. The proceeding phase of the study investigated the influence of colonic fermentation of CSF on gut barrier and intestinal immunity utilizing the Caco-2/THP1-blue™ cell co-culture model. The research demonstrated that CSF induces protective effects on inflammation-induced intestinal epithelial barrier disruption. Concurrently, the study benignly revealed the treatment of CSF unfailingly unveiling pronounced anti-inflammatory properties induced by the stimulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 and the reduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α.

A Cohort Study published in 2022 in the journal International Journal of Urology found that Chinese herbal medicine can significantly reduce the risks of complications and need for surgery associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. The methodology of the retrospective cohort study involved analyzing data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, covering the period between 2001 to 2013. 4142 patients newly diagnosed as having benign prostatic hyperplasia were divided into Chinese herbal medicine users and non-users. To compare these groups, they employed 1:1 propensity score matching, and the risk of complications related to benign prostatic hyperplasia was evaluated using the Cox proportional hazard model. The results showed that during the study period, the risk of complications related to benign prostatic hyperplasia was considerably lower in the Chinese herbal medicine group compared to the non-Chinese herbal medicine group, even when other variables were controlled for. The Chinese herbal medicine users had a significantly lower risk of urinary tract infection and urine retention. Plus, the Chinese herbal medicine users experienced a lower incidence rate of surgery related to benign prostatic hyperplasia and enjoyed a longer surgery-free interval than non-Chinese herbal medicine users. Among the Chinese herbal medicine, Salviae miltiorrhizae and Ji-Sheng-Shen-Qi-Wan were prescribed the most by traditional Chinese medicine practitioners.

A Systematic Review published in 2022 in the journal Medicines found that Wen Dan Tang potentially treats neurological, psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and digestive disorders, and might improve life quality in headache patients. The methodology of the study included the utilization of various online databases like PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, AcuTrials, Embase, Semantic Scholar, Jstor, and internet research. The study also involved reviewing ancient and modern Chinese medical textbooks. The research noted that while there were no dedicated studies on Wen Dan Tang in the context of migraine and tension-type headaches, it gathered and examined data for each compound found in the formula. The discussion of the results revealed the therapeutic potential of the bioactive compounds present in Wen Dan Tang. This was especially in the case of patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and digestive disorders. Additionally, the correlations between Wen Dan Tang and the reduction of headaches were explored. A potential improvement in the quality of life was highlighted, especially for patients suffering from migraines and tension-type headaches.

A published in 2022 in the journal Neurochemical Research found that The study suggests that a brain-liver communication mechanism, involving the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, may hold significance in perimenopausal depression. This research used Chaihu-Shugan-San (CSS), a traditional Chinese medicine known to influence both the liver and depression. Fifty perimenopausal depression rat models were created using ovariectomy surgery and chronic unpredictable mild stress procedures. These models were then treated with CSS, or a combination of CSS and Ly294002, an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. The study monitored behavioral performances of depression and anxiety, serum concentrations of biochemical indices, estrogen levels, hippocampal serotonin and norepinephrine levels, morphological changes in liver tissues, and the protein and mRNA expressions of PI3K and Akt. After treatment, there was notable improvement in the animals' behavioural performances, some biochemical indices, and morphological changes in liver tissues. The PI3K/Akt pathways, initially suppressed by the perimenopausal stress procedures, were observed to be upregulated by CSS treatment. This upregulation was, however, curtailed by Ly294002. These findings provide evidence of the substantial role played by the brain-liver communication mechanism, particularly the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway in perimenopausal depression.

A Clinical Study published in 2022 in the journal Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science found that The combination of Tuina (Chinese therapeutic massage) and Shen Ling Bai Zhu San is more effective in treating pediatric diarrhea due to spleen deficiency than Shen Ling Bai Zhu San alone. Methodology: The paper reports on a clinical trial involving a total of 105 children diagnosed with diarrhea due to spleen deficiency. These children were randomly allocated into two separate groups: a control group and an observation group. The control group, consisting of 52 children, were exclusively treated with Shen Ling Bai Zhu San orally. The observation group, on the other hand, consisted of 53 children who received an additional Tuina treatment along with Shen Ling Bai Zhu San. Results: After implementing the treatments, it was found that every child in the observation group showed improvement, compared to 90% improvement rate in the control group. This correlated to a decrease in scores of primary and secondary symptoms of traditional Chinese medicine in both groups post-treatment. Furthermore, the children in the observation group who received both treatments had even lower symptom scores than the control group who only received Shen Ling Bai Zhu San. The treatments were also well-tolerated with no significant adverse reactions reported.

A Systematic Review published in 2022 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Xiao Yao San can improve symptoms and reduce recurrence rates in patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction. The paper's methodology involved a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found in seven databases, up until November 22, 2021. The trials, which totaled 48 all together, were included to determine the efficacy of Xiao-Yao-San in treating disorders of gut-brain interaction (previously known as functional gastrointestinal disorders). A range of measures, including therapeutic efficacy, symptom score, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale score, Self-Rating Depression Scale score, and the recurrence rate, were analysed using both random-effects and fixed-effects models, as well as trial sequential analysis. In terms of results, Xiao-Yao-San showed a marked improvement in the effective rate of managing disorders of gut-brain interaction compared to western drugs, both when used alone and in combination with western medicine. The paper also found the treatment notably reduced symptom scores, anxiety scores, and depression scores for patients with the disorder. Further, instances of recurrence were also reduced. Overall, Xiao-Yao-San was well tolerated and no serious adverse events were reported in any of the trials included in this analysis.

A Animal Study published in 2022 in the journal Plants found that The traditional Chinese medicine Gan Mai Da Zao Tang may lessen depressive behaviors in rats, likely through licorice increasing serotonin transporter and brain-derived neurotrophic factor signals in the hippocampus. This study experimentally examined the antidepressant impacts of Gan-Mai-Da-Zao (GMDZ), a Chinese traditional medicine that contains blighted wheat, licorice, and jujube. The researchers used an unpredictable chronic mild stress model in rats, some of whom received an injection with p-chlorophenylalanine to generate a chemical model for depression. The investigators employed behavioral tests, including forced swim tests, open field tests, and sucrose preference tests, to evaluate the chronic influence of GMDZ. The oral application of GMDZ over 21 days considerably eased depressive behaviors in rats induced by either the unpredictable chronic mild stress or p-chlorophenylalanine. The treatment increased the expression of the serotonin transporter and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus in the rats with depression. However, rats provided with a similar herbal mixture that did not include licorice showed a significantly worse response, suggesting that licorice may play an essential role in the efficacy of GMDZ in combatting depression-like behaviors.

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A Experimental Study published in 2022 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Si Wu Tang has improved menstrual symptoms by increasing estradiol content and antioxidative effects as a result of its herbs' synergistic relationships. In the methodology of the study, a testosterone-treated MCF-7 cell model was employed to determine the effects of each herb in the SWT formula. Key metrics that were considered included the regulation of estradiol, antioxidative effects, and the total polyphenol and polysaccharide contents as quality markers. The study also explored the potential ability of certain elements within the formula to act as an aromatase promoter, notably catalpol and other elements. In terms of results, certain herbs in SWT such as catalpol showed an ability to significantly increase estradiol content and boost upregulation in cell culture, indicating their role as potential aromatase promoters within the formula. Antioxidant activity was also strong in other compounds like pentagalloylglucose, gallic acid, and ferulic acid. These antioxidative effects were attributed to the presence of polyphenols in the herbs. Furthermore, the herb with the strongest antioxidant effects could possibly help ameliorate menstrual disorder patterns due to its ability to prevent ROS damage to the ovaries.

A Cohort Study published in 2022 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that The majority of reproductive age women with endometriosis in Taiwan use traditional Chinese medicine, specifically Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan, to relieve related symptoms. The methodology of this study involved analyzing the use of TCM among women with endometriosis in Taiwan. Researchers evaluated the usage, frequency of service, and the specific Chinese herbal products prescribed for endometriosis using a randomly sampled cohort of 1,000,000 beneficiaries from the National Health Insurance Research Database. In terms of results, it was found that most women with endometriosis used TCM in dealing with their symptoms. These women were more likely to seek out TCM treatment than those without symptoms. Gui-Zhi-Fu-Ling-Wan, a Cinnamon Twig and Poria Pill known for its sedative and anti-inflammatory properties, was the most commonly prescribed Chinese herbal formula. This specific TCM plays a significant role in treating the discomfort associated with endometriosis, showing a preference towards natural remedies over conventional ones.

A Systematic Review published in 2022 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Adding Du Huo Ji Sheng Decoction on bisphosphonate medications seems to be an effective and safe strategy in treating patients with osteoporosis. Seventeen RCTs (n = 1526) met eligibility criteria, and were included in this synthesis. Pooled estimates demonstrated that as compared with no DHJSD, DHJSD-B led to significantly higher efficacy rates, more lumbar BMD, lower pain score, and lower overall adverse event rates.

A Animal Study published in 2022 in the journal Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology found that Combining traditional Chinese medicine Guizhi Fuling Wan with western hormonal therapies can potentially reduce their individual effectiveness in treating endometriosis. In this study, endometriosis was induced in mice. This was achieved by suturing endometrial tissue onto the peritoneal wall of the subjects. The mice were then treated with varying combinations of Guizhi Fuling Wan (GFW), a traditional Chinese medicine, and current western hormonal therapies for a period of 28 days. The results show that the traditional Chinese medicine Guizhi Fuling Wan (GFW), hormonal therapies, and combinations of these two were able to inhibit the development of endometriosis. They also observed that these treatments, either alone or in combination, could inhibit the expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). These agents could also reduce the population of macrophages in the peritoneal fluid while enhancing the B-cell population. However, when GFW was combined with hormonal therapies, it was observed that the efficiency of each agent individually was potentially reduced.

A published in 2021 in the journal Cellular and Molecular Biology found that Chaihu-shugan-san, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, shows antitumor properties and reduces the expression of the PDGF gene in cervical cancer cells. The researchers assessed the impact of Chaihu-shugan-san on the cytotoxicity induction and PDGF gene expression in a cervical cancer cell line, HeLa. They manipulated the concentrations and duration of treatment using this traditional Chinese herbal concoction which comprises seven different herbs. They leveraged the MTT method to observe the drug's effect and employed Paclitaxel + cisplatin as a control group. The comparative analysis of PDGF gene expression in treated cells was conducted using real-time PCR. The MTT test results indicated the antitumor capability of Chaihu-shugan-san, manifesting varying degrees of efficacy at different concentrations. Despite its promising outcomes, there was substantial deviation in its performance against the control group, paclitaxel +cisplatin. Furthermore, analysis of gene expression demonstrated that Chaihu-shugan-san effectively suppressed the expression of the PDGF gene in HeLa cells, signifying its potential influence in decelerating the growth of cervical cancer cells and managing angiogenic factors pivotal in the metastasis of cancerous tumors.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2021 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that The bioinformatics analysis of a computational network pharmacology model can accurately identify potent functional components and decipher potential mechanisms in traditional Chinese medical formulas. In this research, scientists designed a novel bioinformatics analysis strategy in conjunction with a computational network pharmacology model. This model utilized the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula Chai-Hu-Shu-Gan-San, employed in the treatment of depression, as its primary study subject. Initially, an effective intervention space was created for examining the transfer of intervention effects from individual component targets to pathogenic genes, with this space being developed through a unique method for calculating node importance. Following this construction, intervention-response proteins were identified from the intervention space, and a core group of functional components (CGFC) was selected based on these specific proteins. Results derived from the analysis underscore the significant coverage of intervention-response proteins in the paths and Gene Ontology (GO) terms that cater to major functional therapeutic effects. Out of 1,012 components, 71 were predicted as CGFC. Interestingly, the targets of CGFC were enriched in pathways that were seen to cover the most dominant proportion of pathogenic gene-enriched pathways. This led to the inference and subsequent validation of two primary mechanism chains based on the CGFC. Evaluative experiments were also conducted on the core components present within the CGFC, with results underlining the impressive accuracy of the proposed model in scrutinizing the CGFC and deducing potential mechanisms within TCM formulas.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2021 in the journal BioMed Research International found that Dang Gui Si Ni formula moderates intervertebral disc degeneration by primarily interacting with stress responses and apoptotic signaling pathways. The study used traditional Chinese medicine SP (TCMSP), UniProt, and five disease gene databases to identify a gene set possibly responsive to DSF treatment of IVDD. In order to establish a protein interaction network involving DSF and IVDD, the STRING database was used. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed using the R platform, in order to deduce potential mechanisms. Molecular docking including the calculation of binding energy, was validated with AutoDock Vina. Subsequent to the identification of 119 active ingredients and 136 shared genes, the study reveals 10 core genes that are involved. Enrichment analysis signposts that DSF's therapeutic targets are primary focusses on certain signaling pathways relating to diabetic complications, Interleukin (IL)-17, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), Toll-like receptor, apoptosis, cellular senescence, PI3K-Akt, and FoxO. Reactive oxygen species and stress responses as well as the controlling of apoptotic signalling pathways are the main biological processes these focus on. A stable affinity between the key components and the core genes was shown by molecular docking. Overall, the study used a combination of network pharmacology and molecular docking to affirm the multi-target and multi-pathway attributes of DSF for IVDD treatment.

A Experimental Study published in 2021 in the journal Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy found that Modified Suanzaoren Decoction (MSZRD), an improved traditional Chinese herbal recipe, effectively enhances sleep and regulates circadian rhythm disorders in mice experiencing insomnia. To evaluate MSZRD's impact, we established an insomnia model in ICR mice with 14 days of multifactorial stimulation and subsequent intraperitoneal injections of a PCPA suspension for two straight days. We then administered three different doses of MSZRD to these mice for 24 days. In addition to measuring the food intake and back temperature, behavioural tests and pentobarbital sodium-induced sleep tests were carried out. We used ELISA kits to measure the levels of Orexin-A, CRH, ACTH, CORT in the serum and 5-HT, DA, and NE, in the hypothalamus. Additionally, GABA and glutamic acid levels were assessed through high-performance liquid chromatography, and 5-HTR1A receptor and orexin receptor 2 antibody expressions were done via Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. Lastly, we examined the hypothalamus tissue's histological changes through hematoxylin and eosin and Nissl staining. Observations revealed that MSZRD significantly improved sleep patterns, including latency and duration, mitigated circadian rhythm disruptions, enhanced the content of 5-HT and 5-HTR1A protein, and reduced DA and NE content in the hypothalamus of insomnia mice. Further, the treatment with MSZRD led to increased serum GABA concentration, evident from a decreased Glu/GABA ratio. The levels of HPA axis-related hormones, including CORT, ACTH, and CRH, were also lower. MSZRD led to a remarkable lowering of serum Orexin-A content and hypothalamic OX2R expression in insomnia mice, moreover, it resulted in visible improvements in the hypothalamus's histopathological changes. These revelations suggest MSZRD's potential in relieving insomnia symptoms by regulating Orexin-A expression, balancing HPA axis homeostasis, and modulating neurotransmitter release.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2021 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan treats adenomyosis by intervening in local estrogen signalling pathways and affecting estrogen resistance via myometrium signalling pathways. This study utilized network pharmacology, molecular docking and animal experiments to understand the treatment mechanisms of Guizhi Fuling Wan on adenomyosis. Initially, key indices and target components of the traditional Chinese medicine were identified through various databases, which resulted in isolation of 55 active ingredients and 44 targets specifically related to adenomyosis treatment. These components were then subjected to protein interaction analysis and compound-hub target network constructions. Main active elements and hub targets were subsequently studied with molecular docking tech. The pathway enrichment analysis showed that the medicinal effects were primarily linked to estrogen signaling, endocrine resistance, and a specific tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. The molecular docking revealed that significant compounds of Guizhi Fuling Wan had a strong binding ability with a couple of cellular receptors. Animal trials indicated that this medicine could reduce abnormal infiltration of specific cells without interrupting normal sexual cycles. These results point towards the importance of the estrogen signaling pathway and cell receptors in the treatment capabilities of Guizhi Fuling Wan.

A Animal Study published in 2021 in the journal Journal of Integrative Medicine found that Shen Ling Bai Zhu San was found to inhibit inflammatory damage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, thus offering potential as a preventive and therapeutic treatment. In the study, rats were put on a high-fat diet, with or without the addition of Shenling Baizhu powder or probiotics. Assessments were made at week 16, using an echo magnetic resonance imaging analyser to examine body composition, a micro-computed tomography imaging system to measure whole body and liver fat, and a laser perfusion imager to study liver microcirculation. After this, the rats were sacrificed and biochemical markers in the blood as well as liver ultrastructure were evaluated. The expression of proteins associated with liver inflammatory signaling pathways were scrutinized via Western blot analysis alongside a high-throughput screening of 29 relevant inflammatory factors in liver tissue. The results indicated that supplementing with Shenling Baizhu powder reduced body weight, serum free fatty acid, and insulin resistance. It also improved liver microcirculation and ultrastructural abnormalities. Quantitative analyses manifested that the treatment lowered fat mass and visceral fat. Moreover, the powder reduced the expression of certain inflammatory signaling pathway-related proteins and modified the expression levels of some inflammatory cytokines found in liver tissues. Thus, indicating that Shenling Baizhu powder could inhibit the activation of inflammatory agents and suppress related expressions, making it potentially beneficial for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory damage and associated diseases.

A Animal Study published in 2021 in the journal Chinese Medicine found that Chaihu-Shugan-San, a traditional Chinese medicine, positively impacts gut microbiota in mice, thus reducing stress-induced anxiety and depression symptoms. In the methodology, Chaihu-Shugan-San was extracted with boiling water and freeze-dried. Anxiety and depression were induced in C57BL/6 mice through restrain stress. Measurements for anxiety and depression-related behaviours were taken using the light/dark transition and elevated plus maze tasks, the forced swimming test, and the tail suspension test. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting were used to assay biomarkers. The composition of gut microbiota was established using the Illumina iSeq sequencer. In the results, Chaihu-Shugan-San significantly reduced anxiety and depression-like behaviours in the mice, suppressing stress-induced gut inflammation and overactive stress reactions while increasing suppressed brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. Additionally, it altered gut microbiota composition, reducing specific bacteria populations while increasing others that had been suppressed by stress. It was seen that the fecal transplantation from control or Chaihu-Shugan-San treated mice into stress-exposed mice significantly improved their anxiety and depression-like behaviours.

A Experimental Study published in 2021 in the journal Complementary Therapies in Medicine found that The Licorice and Jujube formula is seen as commonly used and potentially effective for treating menopausal symptoms as per classical Chinese medicine. The methodology of this study involved exploring classical Chinese medicine textbooks to find the most frequent herbal mix used for symptoms similar to menopause. The approach taken was to sort and identify the formulas from the Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine, a comprehensive resource in this field. Following this, a thorough review of randomized controlled trials was performed in order to determine the efficacy of the most common formula. In terms of results, it was discovered that the Licorice and Jujube formula (LJF) was the most commonly found, mentioned in 36% of the analyzed references. The review of controlled trials revealed that the LJF might be effectively utilized for the improvement of sleep-related symptoms. Additionally, experimental studies hinted at potential benefits of the LJF, including sedative, antidepressant-like, estrogenic, and antiprogestogenic effects.

A published in 2021 in the journal Drug Design, Development and Therapy found that The PI3K/AKT pathway is suggested as the mechanism by which Chaihu Shugan San treats major depressive disorder, with quercetin and luteolin identified as active compounds. The active ingredients in Chaihu Shugan San (CSS), a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat depression, were identified by screening the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database. The relevant data sets (DisGeNET, Therapeutic Target Database and DrugBank databases) were used to identify depression-related targets. Subsequently, a compound-depression target network was created from the common targets of the active compounds in CSS and major depressive disorder (MDD). Further functional enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction analysis, and molecular docking were carried out to identify hub targets and to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. Experiments were conducted using mice experiencing chronic unpredictable mild stress, with and without CSS treatment. These tests demonstrated that CSS improved signs of depression and promoted neurogenesis in the subjects. Also, measurements revealed increased levels of certain types of enzymes in the hippocampus of the treated mice. The primary active compounds showing good docking scores targeting the PI3K protein were identified as quercetin and luteolin.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2021 in the journal American Journal of Translational Research found that Using a combined treatment of modified Buzhong Yiqi decoction and Gangtai ointment improves wound healing and anal function for circumferential mixed hemorrhoid patients. The researchers enrolled 120 patients with circumferential mixed hemorrhoids into this trial. After undergoing a surgical procedure, these participants were randomly sorted into two groups for treatment. The control group received chitosan hydrogels for wound healing on a daily basis. Meanwhile, the research group was treated with a daily oral dose of modified Buzhong Yiqi decoction together with Gangtai ointment applied externally twice a day for two weeks. Observations for comparison between groups included effective rates, pain indexes, perianal edema scores, quality of life score, wound healing and pain resolution times, anal functions, wound exudate scores, as well as adverse reactions. In comparing the results of the experiment, it was found that the modified Buzhong Yiqi and Gangtai ointment combination gave better results across most measured outcomes. The research group showed a higher effective rate, reduced pain, and less perianal edema. The group's quality of life was improved, and their wounds healed more quickly with less pain experienced during recovery. Being able to maintain anal function was found to be more successful in the research group, and they had fewer incidences of adverse reactions. Furthermore, changes in wound exudate scores at 7 and 14 days post-treatment were lesser than those observed in the control group.

A Clinical Study published in 2021 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Jia Wei Yu Ping Feng San, a traditional Chinese medicine, alleviates allergic asthma by reducing airway inflammation, mediated by suppressing group 2 innate lymphoid cells. In this study, a model of allergic asthma was established by sensitizing and challenging female C57BL/6 mice with Ovalbumin (OVA). Following this, the assessment of airway hyperresponsiveness was done using direct airway resistance analysis. Levels of inflammation were examined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissue sections were analyzed through HE and PAS staining, studying mucus hypersecretion and inflammatory cell infiltration. The number and proportion of ILC2s, their related transcription factors (GATA3, IRF4), and type 2 cytokines were also measured from lung tissue samples. Moreover, the ILC2s were extracted from mouse lungs followed by evaluation of ILC2s-related cytokines, and transcription factors GATA3 and IRF4 after IL33-induced activation of ILC2s. The results showed that JWYPFS treatment significantly mitigated airway resistance and decreased inflammatory cells such as eosinophils in these mice. It also hindered mucus production and type 2 cytokines. Importantly, JWYPFS dramatically decreased the number and proportion of ILC2s, and the mRNA levels of their related transcription factors - GATA3, and IRF4. This research indicates that JWYPFS could be an effective agent in treating allergic asthma by alleviating ILC2s-mediated airway inflammation.

A Systematic Review published in 2021 in the journal Journal of Clinical Images and Medical Case Reports found that Long Dan Xie Gan Decoction combined with valacyclovir appears to enhance the treatment of herpes zoster, improving pain intensity, and crust formation time. For this systematic review, a comprehensive search was conducted in bibliographic databases - PubMed, Chinese Scientific Journals Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wan-fang Database until the 6th of April, 2021. The main focus was on Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) that looked at herpes zoster treatments involving the combined use of Longdanxiegan Decoction (LDXGD) and valacyclovir. The quality of these studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and a meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4.1 software. The analysis incorporated five studies with a total of 414 participants. The methodological quality of these studies ranged from low to moderate. The combined use of LDXGD and valacyclovir showed relative benefits in efficacy rates compared to the use of valacyclovir alone. This was reflected in the lower pain intensity noted by a visual analogue scale, decreased incidence of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), and shorter time frame to crust formation. However, the safety profile for the combined treatment of LDXGD and valacyclovir remains unclear.

A Study Protocol published in 2021 in the journal Trials found that Gynoclear™, a formulation of six herbs, could potentially reduce the severity and duration of pain and other symptoms associated with endometriosis. The methodology consisted of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a minimum of 90 participants across Australia who have confirmed endometriosis and moderate or greater pelvic pain. These participants were equally divided to receive either Gynoclear™ or a placebo. Gynoclear's active ingredients consist of six herbs, namely Safflower, Chinese cinnamon, Hoelen, Tree peony, Peony, and Red sage. The participants were required to document their pain experiences for a total of five months, which included a month of screening, two months of treatment, and a month post-treatment. The main variable being studied was the change in endometriosis-related pain. The results of the study aimed to establish the efficacy of Gynoclear™ in reducing endometriosis-related pain and other symptoms. Secondary outcomes encompassed change in health-related quality of life, alterations in the use of rescue analgesics, and changes in sexual discomfort and fatigue. The practicality and usefulness of Gynoclear™ intended to serve both healthcare professionals and individuals suffering from endometriosis.

A Systematic Review published in 2021 in the journal Medicine found that The use of Yu Ping Feng San for pediatric allergic rhinitis appears relatively safe compared to Western medical therapy yet its routine use remains unsupported. The study undertakes a systematic search across multiple databases, including PubMed, the Excerpta Medical Database, Cochrane library and more, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) concerning the use of YPFS for pediatric allergic rhinitis. Extracted results were subjected to stringent bias-risk analysis based on the Cochrane Handbook. A meta-analysis was then implemented using RevMan 5.3 software, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology was applied to check the quality of evidence for every outcome. The study pooled 10 RCTs covering 1,069 participants aged between 3-15 years for initial inclusion. After certain exclusions, it was determined from the remaining eight RCTs that the overall efficacy did not show any notable advantage for the test group. In addition, inspections into variation of serum immunoglobulin levels showed no statistical significance. However, the safety of YPFS displayed better results, demonstrating a relatively safer approach with lower recurrence rates compared to Western medical therapy.

A Experimental Study published in 2021 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that The Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen (JPYS) traditional Chinese medicine formula aids in the alleviation of renal dysfunction and fibrosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) rats by combating inflammation and cellular apoptosis. Using an established model of 5/6 nephrectomized (5/6Nx) rats, an evaluation of the effects of the JPYS formula on renal function and fibrosis was conducted. To scrutinize the formula's impacts, markers of apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and the activity of Nrf2 signaling were measured. Correlative parameters including urinary protein, SCr, BUN, glomerular sclerosis index, tubulointerstitial fibrosis score, and renal histopathology were analyzed to assess the formula's preventive effect on renal dysfunction and fibrosis. The study also evaluated the gene expression associated with fibrosis and related elements such as TGF-β and various types of collagen. The evaluation of JPYS's efficacy revealed significant protection against cell apoptosis, highlighted by altered gene expression of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase 3, caspase 9, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells. Moreover, it was observed that the JPYS formula countered the activation of the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathway, exhibiting a decrease in gene expression of numerous inflammatory markers in the kidney. Alongside this, the formula promoted antioxidant performance, alleviating oxidative stress as indicated by antioxidant index indicators and a reduction in reactive oxygen species biomarkers. The study also identified the upswing of essential elements like HO-1 and Nrf2 level and a decline in Keap1 expression, signaling rationale towards the formula's potential relief of renal oxidative damage.

A published in 2021 in the journal Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy found that Chaihu Shugan San has the potential to counteract negative impacts of progestational stress on hippocampal neural development in rat offspring. In this research, thirty-six female rats were divided into control, chronic immobilization stress (CIS), and Chaihu Shugan San (CSS) groups. All female rats, barring those in the control group, are subjected to CIS for a stipulated period of 21 days as a way to create a model for progestational stress. Data collected includes body weight, behavior on an elevated plus-maze, serum dopamine levels, and the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors. In parallel, the offspring of these rats were divided into the same three groups, and their hippocampal tissue morphology and concentrations of BDNF, NR2A, and NR2B were carefully studied after a set period. The results derived show noticeable differences in body weight, maze-test performance, and dopamine levels between the CIS group and the control group for females. Similarly, in the female rat offspring subjected to CIS, several significant alterations were found, including nuclear chromatin arrangement, nucleus morphology, cytoplasmic staining, and concentrations of BDNF, NR2A, and NR2B. Interestingly, these stress-induced changes are noticeably reversed in the CSS group, strengthening the hypothesis of how Chaihu Shugan San can modify and lessen the impacts of progestational stress.

A Experimental Study published in 2021 in the journal Chinese Medicine found that Suan-Zao-Ren Decoction improves cognitive impairment and reduces neural degeneration in APP/PS1 transgenic mice by inhibiting Aβ accumulation and neuroinflammation via the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. The authors initiated their investigation by subjecting APP/PS1 transgenic mice to different dosages of Suan-Zao-Ren Decoction (SZRD) for a period of 4 weeks. Cognitive changes in the behavior of these mice were observed through the Morris water maze. Inside the hippocampus of the mice, the researchers utilized Nissl and Golgi-Cox staining to evaluate synaptic plasticity, and used ELISA and western blot applications to measure the proteins and expression levels related to degenerative neurological conditions. In comparing the untreated APP/PS1 mice with the ones treated with SZRD, it was found that especially the low-dosage SZRD significantly improved cognitive impairment. This improvement was also noted alongside a decrease in neuron loss and Aβ plaque deposition, as well as an increase in hippocampus synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, SZRD demonstrated a substantial decrease in the serum and hippocampal concentrations of various inflammation indicators. Moreover, there was a noticeable reduction in the expression of certain proteins within the hippocampus of the treated mice.

A Systematic Review published in 2021 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Gui Zhi Decoction and associated formulas significantly improve the effectiveness of allergic rhinitis treatments when used alone or combined with Western medicine. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Guizhi Decoction and associated formulas for treating allergic rhinitis. It included a comprehensive search of seven online databases for studies published until February 23, 2020. Each selected study's quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. The research used systematic reviews based on the Cochrane systematic review method, facilitated by RevMan 5.3 Software. Interventions in the study varied from using Guizhi Decoction and associated formulas alone to combining them with Western medicine, acupoint-based therapy, Chinese patent medicine, and placebo control. Data from 23 trials involving 2281 participants were collected and systematically analysed. The results showed that Guizhi Decoction and associated formulas, either alone or in conjunction with Western medicine or acupoint-based therapies, exhibited higher efficacy compared to Western medicine alone. The study also reported that adding nasal traditional Chinese medicine fumigation therapy to the Guizhi Decoction formulations could further improve treatment effectiveness. Adverse events were primarily mild and primarily associated with the control groups that used Western medicine alone, requiring no specific medical intervention.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2021 in the journal BioMed Research International found that The Suanzaoren decoction can potentially treat Parkinson's disease with sleep disorder through its multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway characteristics, with key active components being quercetin and kaempferol. The study used a network pharmacology and molecular docking approach to explore the action of the Suanzaoren decoction (a traditional Chinese medicine) for Parkinson's disease with sleep disorder. Bioactive components and targets of the decoction were identified using Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology and standardized on the UniProt platform. Data about Parkinson's disease and Sleep disorder were collected from various databases creating a protein-protein interaction network with the STRING platform and Cytoscape software. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and pathway analysis were then conducted using the DAVID platform and Cytoscape software. The key active ingredients and action targets of the drug were verified using molecular docking. The study found 135 Chinese herbal components and 41 corresponding targets useful for treating Parkinson's disease with sleep disorder using the decoction. The researchers identified 15 important signaling pathways, including the cancer pathway, TNF signaling pathway, PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. The main active compounds exhibited good affinity while binding to the representative targets, implying high effectiveness. These findings provide a detailed understanding of the Suanzaoren decoction's mechanisms at a molecular level, confirming its usefulness in treating Parkinson's disease with sleep disorder.

A Animal Study published in 2020 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen, a traditional Chinese medicine, helps treat anemia in chronic kidney disease by stimulating erythropoietin production and regulating iron recycling. To investigate the effect of Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen (JPYS), chronic kidney disease (CKD) was experimentally induced in rats using a 5/6 nephrectomy. The rats were then administered JPYS orally in both high and low doses for a period of 90 days. Observations were made regarding the serum hepcidin level to assess iron homeostasis. Additionally, the protein expressions of hypoxia inducible factor-2, erythropoietin, ferritin, ferroportin, and the phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 were studied using Western blot analysis. The results showed that JPYS treatment significantly improved kidney function in the CKD rats. Alongside this, pathological kidney damage was found to be significantly restored post-JPYS treatment. The medicine was found to be effective in improving anemia in CKD through the upregulation of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels. It was also discovered that JPYS stimulates the expressions of erythropoietin and hypoxia-inducible factor-2 proteins in the kidney and liver of the CKD rats, while inducing the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 proteins. Furthermore, JPYS was seen to regulate the protein expressions of ferritin and ferroportin in the liver and spleen, as well as in the serum level of hepcidin, suggesting its role in systemic iron recycling.

A Systematic Review published in 2020 in the journal Phytotherapy Research found that Zuo Gui Wan combined with anti-osteoporosis drugs may have beneficial effects on osteoporosis with respect to bone mineral density and bone metabolism markers. Our pooled results show that ZGP combined with anti-osteoporosis drugs may have beneficial effects on osteoporosis with respect to BMD and bone metabolism markers. There were no ADRs when using ZGP alone, but ADRs of ZGP combined with anti-osteoporosis drugs included gastrointestinal discomfort (nausea, diarrhoea), dizziness, and fatigue. However, a definite conclusion regarding other indicators cannot be drawn from the existing information. The results of this review demonstrate that ZGP is a potential candidate for osteoporosis treatment, although the quality of evidence remains weak.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2020 in the journal Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology found that Jia Wei Xiao Yao Wan showed an improvement in gastrointestinal symptoms for patients with functional dyspepsia who resisted conventional treatments. The researchers approached 144 individuals who had functional dyspepsia and had previously rejected standard therapies like proton pump inhibitors, H2 blockers, and Helicobacter pylori collision treatment. These individuals, located across nine different sites in China, were randomly selected to either a Jiawei Xiaoyao pill or a placebo, which they had to take for four weeks. The main measurement used in the study was the change in the individuals' total Gastrointestinal Symptom Score from the beginning of the test period to the end. Additionally, the team used the results of various medical tests for safety outcomes. Out of 141 patients that qualified for statistical analysis, the group taking the Jiawei Xiaoyao pill demonstrated a more significant decrease in their Gastrointestinal Symptom Score compared to the ones on placebo, suggesting the pill was beneficial for their symptoms. However, the Jiawei Xiaoyao pill group did not show a significant improvement in their Hamilton Depression Scale or Hamilton Anxiety Scale scores, suggesting the pill might not have significant impact on depression or anxiety. The total number of adverse events reported were more in the Jiawei Xiaoyao pill group than the placebo group. But the superiority of the Jiawei Xiaoyao pill in improving gastrointestinal symptoms in functional dyspepsia patients that resist standard therapies is evident.

A Systematic Review published in 2020 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Du Huo Ji Sheng Decoction monotherapy or combined with antiosteoporosis drugs may have beneficial effects for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Eight studies were enrolled with 650 participants. DHJSD alone or with other interventions had a significant effect on bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, E2, and clinical effectiveness. However, no effect at bone Gla protein was seen.

A Systematic Review published in 2020 in the journal Explore: The Journal of Science & Healing found that Modified Tao-Hong Siwu Tang (MTST) appears more effective than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and a combination of Tao-Hong Siwu Tang with oral contraceptives (OCs) offers benefits over OCs alone for treating primary dysmenorrhea. This systematic review aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of Tao-Hong Siwu Tang (TST) in treating primary dysmenorrhea. Conducted across various databases, the review identified five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) meeting inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed suggestive evidence that modified TST (MTST) might have a favorable effect compared to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in managing primary dysmenorrhea (RR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.37–1.72), with one RCT indicating MTST's superiority in reducing recurrence rates (RR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.15–0.63, P = 0.001). Furthermore, combining TST with oral contraceptives (OCs) appeared beneficial compared to OCs alone (RR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.02–1.79, P = 0.04). However, moderate evidence quality due to bias uncertainties and limited RCTs highlighted the need for cautious interpretation. The study emphasized the demand for alternative treatments, given NSAID and OC limitations, while stressing the need for rigorous large-scale trials to clarify TST's role in primary dysmenorrhea management.

A published in 2020 in the journal Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry found that The study developed a reliable method to analyze and understand the behavior of five components in Chaihu-shugan-san, a traditional Chinese medicine, after administration in beagles. The methodology involved developing a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to detect five components in beagle plasma after the oral administration of Chaihu-shugan-san, an ancient Chinese treatment. A specific column was used to separate the analytes while maintaining a constant temperature. Two solvents were used in a gradient elution process, and the flow rate and total measurement time were kept consistent. The discussion around the results indicates that the developed method was successful in its application. The recovery rate of the five analytes ranged widely but remained satisfactory, as did the effects on the matrix. The study hence validates the method for studying the pharmacokinetics of these components in beagles after they've been given a single dose of Chaihu-shugan-san.

A published in 2020 in the journal Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology found that Chaihu Shu Gan San (CSGS) exhibits significant antidepressant action in chronic stress-induced depression, mediated through a synergistic blend of its seven constituent herbs. In terms of methodology, an ethological study and ELISA assay was conducted to assess the depressive phenotypes after stimulation by chronic unpredictable mild stress, and the antidepressant activity of fluoxetine, CSGS and compatible mixtures. The researchers used a process called untargeted Q/TOF MS-based metabolomics, coupled with multivariate statistical analysis, to uncover changes in the metabolic profiles within the serum. The study found CSGS to have a significant intervention effect on depression induced by chronic stress. Out of 17 potential serum biomarkers identified after conducting multivariate statistical analysis, CSGS was found to regulate 16 of them. The action of CSGS was linked to five significant pathways; additionally, each functional unit within CSGS was found to regulate different metabolites and metabolic pathways to achieve different antidepressant effects. Notably, the efficacy of these individual components fell short of the holistic formula, suggesting a form of powerful synergy between active ingredients in the seven herbs that make up CSGS. This underlines CSGS's strong antidepressant properties.

A Systematic Review published in 2020 in the journal Maturitas found that Siwutang (including its derived formulas) appears to be superior to conventional Western medicine for pain relief and in relation to response rate. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the efficacy and safety of Siwutang (SWT), a Chinese herbal formula, for treating primary dysmenorrhea. Among 523 initially identified citations, 39 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, and 38 were used for meta-analysis. Results indicated that SWT demonstrated superiority over conventional western medicine in terms of pain relief and response rate. Notably, SWT and its derivative formulas exhibited higher response rates compared to conventional medicine, with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 48%). SWT was particularly effective in reducing pain intensity when compared to conventional medicine (MD: -2.61, 95% CI: -3.72 to -1.51). Additionally, the safety profile of SWT appeared to be advantageous, with a lower incidence of adverse events than conventional medicine (RR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.07−0.38). However, the quality of the included trials was generally low, with methodological limitations including inadequate reporting of randomization and blinding procedures. As a result, the level of evidence was deemed low due to the high risk of bias. The authors concluded that while SWT demonstrated promise for treating primary dysmenorrhea, further well-designed clinical trials with larger sample sizes are necessary to establish its effectiveness and safety more conclusively. Notably, the lack of standardized outcome measures and the inconsistent reporting of response rates across studies highlighted the need for the development and implementation of a core outcome set for primary dysmenorrhea research.

A Animal Study published in 2020 in the journal Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis found that Chaihu-Shugan-San, a traditional Chinese medicine, ameliorates depression symptoms in rats by influencing multiple biochemical components in the plasma. A rat model of depression was created by employing force swimming tests and looking for prolonged immobility, higher levels of stress hormones, and lower plasma levels of mood-regulating neurotransmitters. Nine compounds of Chaihu-Shugan-San, including ferulic acid, naringin, hesperidin, meranzin hydrate, glycyrrhizic acid, saikosaponin A, nobiletin, and hesperetin were analyzed in the plasma using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques, with the help of internal standards sulfamethoxazole and schisandrin. The experiment involved the observation of pharmacokinetic properties of these compounds post oral administration to depressed rats. In these animal studies, it was observed that Chaihu-Shugan-San affected various biochemicals in the rat's blood plasma; possibly explaining its efficacy in depression treatment. This scientific investigation of the active compounds provides a firmer chemical basis to understand the working mechanism of this traditional formula, thereby potentially enhancing its clinical applications.

A Systematic Review published in 2020 in the journal Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine found that Xiao Yao San and its modifications were effective for the improvement of general symptoms and fatigue severity in chronic fatigue syndrome post-treatment. We performed selection/exclusion process from the found studies to conform with prespecified criteria, and assessed the final included trials according to the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The included studies were classified based on the interventions in experimental and control group. Eight randomized controlled trials and one controlled clinical trial (total 921 participants) were eligible and their results were synthesized in the meta analysis. The synthesis showed a considerable effect of Soyo-san and its modifications on improvement of general symptoms and fatigue severity in CFS patients, while effect on depression and anxiety were inconclusive.

A Animal Study published in 2020 in the journal Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine found that Chaihu Shugan Powder (CSP) was found to have antidepressant-like effects, potentially by suppressing CHOP and caspase-12 mediated apoptosis in the rat hippocampus. The study's methodology involved thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats, divided randomly into a control group, a chronic unpredictable mild stress group, a fluoxetine group, and a Chaihu Shugan Powder group. Except for the control group, all rats were subjected to three weeks of chronic unpredictable mild stress, effectively establishing a depression model. The antidepressant effects of Chaihu Shugan Powder were tested by performing an open field test, a forced swimming test, and a sucrose preference test on the rats. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase was used to calculate the apoptosis rate in the hippocampal tissues. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were utilized to evaluate the mRNA and protein levels of various substances in the rats' hippocampus. The results indicated that administration of Chaihu Shugan Powder lessened both anxiety and depression-like behavior in the stressed rats as revealed by increased time and distance in the center of the open field test, a preference for sucrose, and longer swimming time and short immobility time during the forced swimming test. Additionally, Chaihu Shugan Powder usage notably diminished the apoptosis rate in rat hippocampal neurons. There were down-regulated mRNA and protein expression levels along with the expression of cleaved caspase-12 proteins, while total and phosphorylated protein levels did not significantly change between control and CSP-treated rats.

A Systematic Review published in 2020 in the journal European Journal of Integrative Medicine found that Oral treatment with Six Gentlemen Decoction with Aucklandia and Amomum (SGDAA), a traditional Chinese medicine, significantly improves the treatment of Ulcerative colitis compared to conventional Western medicine. In the method of this research, Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) spanning the period from January 1960 to October 2019 were analyzed. These trials examined the use of the traditional Chinese medicine in question for treating ulcerative colitis. This extensive data was drawn from numerous scientific and medical databases in English, Korean, and Chinese. The resulting information was then processed through a software named RevMan 5.3 to conduct a meta-analysis. Furthermore, the studies were scrutinized based on their homogeneity and the odds ratios and confidence intervals were evaluated for accuracy and validity of each. In the exploration of the results, seven metanalysed studies (involving a total of 614 colitis patients) showed that the traditional Chinese medicine SGDAA had a significantly greater effect in treating ulcerative colitis than conventional western medicine. This conclusion was drawn from the comparative analysis of the SGDAA group (consisting of 308 patients) and the control group (composed of 306 patients receiving conventional Western medicine or another Chinese medicine). The analysis showed the SGDAA treatment was significantly more effective especially when the treatment exceeded 4 and 12 weeks. The beneficial impact of the SGDAA treatment in ulcerative colitis was seen in the forms of effective response and curative response.

A Systematic Review published in 2020 in the journal Herbal Formula Science found that Gui Pi Tang may be beneficial for relieving and managing the general symptoms in CFS patients. The results of eight randomized controlled trials (n=596) were included in the meta-analysis. The results of the synthesis showed Gwibitang is beneficial substantially for relieving and managing the general symptoms, and its heterogeneity was not in important level. Gwibitang was beneficial for alleviating fatigue, but its certainty was low.

A published in 2020 in the journal Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin found that Chaihu-Shugan-San (CSS), an alternative treatment for gastrointestinal diseases, inhibits digestive tract pacemaker potentials via nitric oxide and ATP-sensitive K channel dependent pathways. The researchers used electrophysiological methods to examine the effects of CSS on pacemaker potentials in cultured interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) from the mouse small intestine. They investigated gastrointestinal motility by measuring intestinal transit rates. CSS showed inhibitory behavior on the pacemaker potentials in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, this effect was not blocked by capsazepine, but the influence of CSS was interrupted by glibenclamide and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, indicating a specific set of pathways through which CSS operates. The study's results showed that CSS significantly suppressed murine intestinal transit rate enhancements caused by neostigmine in vivo. They conclude that CSS works through nitric oxide/cGMP and ATP-sensitive K channel dependent, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel independent pathways to inhibit the pacemaker potentials of ICCs. The pretreatments tested, SQ-22536 or KT-5720, did not suppress the effects of CSS. However, pretreatments with ODQ or KT-5823 did put a halt on CSS's effects. These findings illustrate that CSS could provide foundational knowledge for creating new treatments for gastrointestinal motility disorders.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2020 in the journal Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine found that Chaihu Shugan powder exhibits beneficial effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by targeting certain genes indicating therapeutic potential in traditional Chinese medicine. The study utilized a network pharmacology approach incorporating multiple databases, Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, a molecular complex detection method for protein-protein interaction analysis, as well as molecular docking to identify the Nuclear Receptor targets and the corresponding components in Chaihu Shugan powder. A rat model with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was used to validate the screening results while high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to detect the five components that matched the docking experiments. The results of the study showed favourable changes in the rat model after Chaihu Shugan powder treatment. Noticeable improvements were witnessed in the model's bodyweight, liver pathology, serum and liver lipids. Also, the mRNA levels of target genes were significantly altered, indicating the potential therapeutic influence of Chaihu Shugan powder on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This study offers valuable insight into the role of traditional Chinese medicine in treating such conditions.

A Experimental Study published in 2020 in the journal Journal of Separation Science found that Suan-Zao-Ren decoction positively impacts insomnia by improving the metabolic phenotype and affecting key metabolic pathways. Firstly, a non-targeted metabolomics approach based on high-resolution mass spectrometry was combined with multiple statistical methods to study alterations in potential brain and serum biomarkers and metabolic pathways in rats with modelled insomnia. This process revealed that treatment with the Suan-Zao-Ren decoction promoted significant improvements in the metabolic phenotypes of insomnia. Fruther analysis, conducted using discriminative analysis in correlation with principal component analysis, termed principal component analysis-discriminate analysis, served to accentuate these effects. Subsequent heatmap (graphical representation of data) analysis helped identify primary biomarkers associated with insomnia. The results disclosed important alterations in several metabolic pathways linked with insomnia, such as phenylalanine and tryptophan metabolism, among others. This provided a comprehensive understanding of how Suan-Zao-Ren decoction regulates the metabolic phenotype of rats with insomnia, reinforcing the potential of metabolomics as a tool for examining the curative effects and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicines.

A Systematic Review published in 2020 in the journal The American Journal of Chinese Medicine found that Current evidence suggests that Chinese herbal medicine is an effective and safe treatment for spinal cord injury and could be treated as a complementary and alternative option with few side effects. A total of 26 studies involving 1961 participants were included in this study. No serious heterogeneity or publication bias was observed across each study. The results showed that significant improvements of the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA)-grading improvement rate, clinical effective rate, ASIA motor score, ASIA sensory score (total), ASIA sensory score (light touch) ASIA sensory score (pinprick) and activities of daily living (ADL) score in CHM group compared with the control group. Among the CHM groups, Buyang Huanwu decoction was the most frequently prescribed herbal formula, while Astragalus membranaceus was the most commonly used single herb. In addition, there were no serious and permanent adverse effects in the two groups. The methodological quality of the most included RCTs was poor and the quality of evidence for the main outcomes was from very low to moderate according to the GRADE system. Current evidence suggests that CHM is an effective and safe treatment for SCI and could be treated as a complementary and alternative option with few side effects. However, considering the low quality, small size, and high risk of the studies identified in this meta-analysis, higher methodological quality, rigorously designed RCTs with large sample sizes are needed to confirm the results.

A Animal Study published in 2020 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that A traditional Chinese prescription, Yu Ping Feng San, significantly mitigates symptoms in cases of asthma recurrence, outperforming commonly prescribed asthma medications. In the research, an optimized mouse model was employed, which was induced with asthma recurrence by house dust mites. This model exhibited classic asthma responses, such as augmented airways hyperresponsiveness, increased serum IgE, and elevated pulmonary type 2 cytokines levels among others. Then, YPFS was applied during the remission phase preceding a second symptomatic phase. The researchers observed significant improvements in the asthmatic pathological features, and compared its effectiveness to three different types of standard clinical medications: dexamethasone, montelukast, and salbutamol, which were given during the recurrence phase. The research results revealed that the application of YPFS during the remission phase remarkably alleviated the asthma relapses induced by house dust mites. This was achieved by restoring the deficiency of desmoglein 1 (a type of protein) and decreasing thymic stromal lymphopoietin (a type of cytokine) overexpression, which are believed to be key contributors to chronic asthma relapse. Not only was the fundamental role of desmoglein 1 in asthma pathogenesis demonstrated, it also gave rise to a new and potent strategy for chronic asthma treatment.

A Systematic Review published in 2020 in the journal Medicine found that Danggui Shaoyao San provides clinically important reductions in symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia and can be a promising anti-dementia drug candidate. A total of 482 studies were identified, and 5 eligible studies for Alzheimer disease (AD) and 4 studies for vascular dementia (VD) were included in the final analysis, representing a total of 567 participants. As for AD, pooled results of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and activities of daily living favored DSS. DSS had synergistic effect with acupuncture over acupuncture alone in MMSE, Hasegawa Dementia Scale, and activities of daily living. In VD, pooled results showed a significant difference in the score of dementia scales such as MMSE and Hasegawa Dementia Scale compared with nootropic drugs. DSS significantly reduced symptoms in patients with VD. The respective size of each RCTs was small and some included studies were of low quality due to their limited description on methodological issues.

A published in 2020 in the journal BioMed Research International found that Chinese herbal medicine, Chaihu Shugan San (CSS), combined with Fluoxetine, heightens their antidepressant effects through regulation of the BDNF/ERK/CREB signaling pathway. Researchers used 120 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into seven groups, to understand the antidepressant effects of CSS and its coadministration with Fluoxetine. The chronic unpredictable mild stress rat model simulated depression. The teams carried out a series of tests including the sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, open-field test, and Y-maze test to evaluate depression-like behavior and cognitive function. The influence of CSS and its coadministration with Fluoxetine on BDNF mRNA, ERK mRNA, CREB mRNA, BDNF, p-ERK/ERK, and p-CREB/CREB levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex were then assessed via Western blot and RT-PCR. The findings indicate that CSS, in conjunction with Fluoxetine, ameliorates depressive symptoms and enhances cognitive function in stressed rats. Both CSS alone and in combination with Fluoxetine increased the expression of several neural markers in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. The study suggests that the bolstered antidepressant effect of the combined treatment might be due to the modulation of the BDNF/ERK/CREB signaling pathway.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2020 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Chaihu-Shugan-San, a traditional Chinese medicine, shows potential in treating breast cancer through a multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway interaction process. The research utilized network pharmacology for the exploration of Chaihu-Shugan-San's impact on breast cancer. Initially, a total of 157 active ingredients and 8074 potential drug targets were identified from the traditional Chinese medicine system pharmacology (TCMSP) database based on set screening conditions. Additionally, 2384 disease targets were collected from different disease databases. Using the Bisogenet plug-in in software Cytoscape 3.7.1, 451 core targets were obtained. The biological process of gene ontology discovery involved several catabolic processes, and cellular components correlated with breast cancer were identified. In the discussion of results, it was found that the treatment mechanism of Chaihu-Shugan-San is due to multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway action. The active ingredients interact with multiple targets, influencing several biological processes and cellular components associated with breast cancer. Furthermore, pathways central to apoptosis, cell cycle, transcriptional dysregulation, endocrine resistance, and viral infection were majorly implicated. This elucidates the potential theoretical basis of Chaihu-Shugan-San for breast cancer therapy.

A published in 2020 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Chaihu Shugan San, a traditional Chinese herbal formula, showed superior results to fluoxetine in managing depression and regulating blood rheology in chronically stressed rats. The study involved inducing chronic restraint stress (CRS) in rats for a period of 4 weeks, thus creating a model of depression. Once the depression was successfully induced, the researchers administered varied doses of Chaihu Shugan San (CHSGS) and fluoxetine to the corresponding groups of rats through gavage for a period of 2 weeks. Any changes from the CRS rats were then assessed through behavioral observations, sucrose preference tests, and evaluations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functional status. Following these treatments, changes in monoamine neurotransmitters and related markers for blood status were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, blood rheometers, and other methods. The study findings suggest that the traditional Chinese herbal formula CHSGS generally outperformed fluoxetine in managing the emotional and physical symptoms of depression. Both CHSGS and fluoxetine improved blood rheology, decreased blood coagulation, and positively affected endothelium-related functions in the depressed rats.

A Experimental Study published in 2020 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that The modified Suanzaoren decoction alleviates gastrointestinal disorder-related insomnia indicators and improves body well-being in lab animals, potentially due to adjusting gastric acid pH, and altering hormone and neurotransmitter levels. The methodology of this study involved using a modified version of the traditional Chinese remedy, Suanzaoren decoction or MSZRD, and testing its impact on male lab animals suffering from insomnia related to gastrointestinal discomfort. There were two primary groups: male Sprague-Dawley rats and male Institute of Cancer Research mice. Animals were treated with either MSZRD or a placebo, then subjected to an induced insomnia model; in the case of the rats, this was further extended by a forced period of sleep deprivation. The induced insomnia model involved administering pentobarbital to the animals. The mice were treated for 7 days while the rats were given daily treatment over 11 days, in the last 4 of which sleep was deliberately deprived. Body weight, organ indices, and fecal moisture were compared against control groups while gauging sleep latency and sleep durations in the MSZRD-treated subjects. In the discussion of results, the research corroborated that MSZRD notably reduced sleep latency while extending sleep duration for animals under examination. It significantly improved body weight, organ indices, and fecal moisture, suggesting potential gastroprotective properties. Measures of exploratory behavior in sleep-deprived rats were reduced, indicating diminished sleep deprivation-induced anxiety. Crucially, MSZRD was observed to lower gastric acid pH and restraint the production of certain regulatory chemicals while enhancing the presence of others, such as the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA. This was witnessed through an increase in serum GABA levels which resulted in a reduced ratio of Glu (an excitatory neurotransmitter) to GABA—indicative of a potential calming effect. Lastly, the treated animals displayed increased expression of GAD1, GABARA1, and CCKBR neurotransmitters, with decreased expression of Orexin R1.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2020 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Jiawei Suanzaoren Decoction combined with lorazepam significantly improves sleep quality for chronic insomnia patients, offering a superior solution than using lorazepam alone. Over the course of this study, 207 participants were split into two groups, namely, the treatment group and control group. The treatment group received a combination of Jiawei Suanzaoren Decoction and lorazepam orally, while the control group only received lorazepam. Several factors were evaluated at multiple stages including the Insomnia Severity Index, Self-Rating Depression Scale, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Somatic Self-rating Scale, and the MOS 36-item Short Form Health Survey. In addition, adverse effects were evaluated by the Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale. Both the treatment and control groups showed significant improvements in their sleep onset latency and total sleep time. However, the Insomnia Severity Index reduction rate in the treatment group, which took both Jiawei Suanzaoren Decoction and lorazepam, was higher than that in the control group, who only took lorazepam. The study concluded that the combination of Jiawei Suanzaoren Decoction with lorazepam can significantly improve sleep quality with fewer adverse effects, demonstrating that it's an effective treatment that's superior to lorazepam alone for chronic insomnia.

A Clinical Study published in 2020 in the journal Integrative Cancer Therapies found that Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan can potentially alleviate symptoms of cancer-related insomnia similarly to cognitive-behavioral therapy. In this study, 22 participants were divided equally between a group given Cheonwangbosimdan and a control group who received cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia. Participants in the Cheonwangbosimdan group were required to consume the herbal liquid daily and participate in weekly visits for a period of four weeks. Conversely, the control group underwent behavioral therapy sessions 4 times over the same four-week period. The outcomes from these interventions were evaluated using key indices that measured participants' insomnia severity, sleep quality, fatigue, anxiety, and overall performance status. With the focus being on changes observed from the inception of the trial to the end, these measurements were taken at the conclusion of the fifth week. While no significant difference was found between the two study groups, both displayed a positive trend towards alleviating the symptoms of cancer-related insomnia, with anxiety levels markedly lower in the treatment group.

A Review Article published in 2019 in the journal Journal of Diabetes Research found that Traditional Chinese medicine, especially Zuo Gui Wan, red raspberry leaves, and Orthosiphon stamineus, seems to control gestational diabetes effectively without reported toxicity. The study initiated a systematic search across PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases to pinpoint research discussing the impact of traditional Chinese medicine on pregnancy. The results were then further narrowed down to focus on any correlation with all forms of diabetes mellitus. The primary thread that emerged was the beneficial effect of three main herbal remedies: Zuo Gui Wan, red raspberry leaves, and Orthosiphon stamineus. Based off of the results from this search, a focal review of these herbal elements and their associations with type 2 diabetes mellitus was undertaken. Across the board, these remedies demonstrated positive effects on metabolic health, especially among women dealing with gestational diabetes. No experimental models reported any toxicity or harmful side effects associated with these herbal treatments. The report calls out that current studies on both conventional and alternative interventions for gestational diabetes are immensely lacking, emphasizing the need for a standardized protocol to evaluate the efficacy of these herbal medicines.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2019 in the journal Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy found that Chaihu Shugan San, a traditional Chinese medicine, can lessen Alzheimer's disease cognitive dysfunction through multiple biological targets and pathways of action. In exploring the effects of Chaihu Shugan San (CSS) on Alzheimer's Disease, the researchers initially identified 152 active compounds in CSS, 520 predicted biological targets and 160 Alzheimer's disease-related targets. They then constructed several networks, including herb-compound-target network, which outlines connections between the medicinal herbs and their linked impacts, an Alzheimer's disease-target network, and a CSS potential target-Alzheimer's target network. A central network topological analysis was used to discern 60 key targets that are largely contributive to CSS's beneficial effects on Alzheimer's Disease. These targets were majorly identified as nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins with a molecular function of protein binding. In discussing the experiment results, the researchers found that CSS treatment could alleviate neural cell death caused by Aβ (amyloid beta, a peptide believed to contribute to Alzheimer's Disease). They noticed a drop in apoptotic, or self-destroying, cell count in differentiated PC12 cells that underwent CSS treatment. Subsequently, they observed an upsurge in the phosphorylation of a protein, Akt, and a downswing in the expression of another protein, Bax, indicating that the Akt signaling pathway plays a vital part in the CSS's protective impact against neural cell destruction.

A Experimental Study published in 2019 in the journal NeuroReport found that The traditional Chinese medicine Kami-Shoyo-San can potentially protect against ketamine-induced brain damage, possibly by utilising brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling pathway. In this study, human embryonic stem cell-differentiated neurons were nurtured in a lab setting and exposed to a high concentration of ketamine to induce neuronal apoptosis. Before this, they were pre-treated with the traditional Chinese medicine Kami-Shoyo-San to determine its protective effect on these neurons affected by ketamine. The researchers measured changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tropomyosin receptor kinase B, the receptors for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, in response to Kami-Shoyo-San and ketamine treatment. To further explore its functional role in protecting the neurons, this signaling pathway was deactivated using a method called siRNA application. The in-vitro experiments showed that a high concentration of ketamine did cause significant neuronal apoptosis, however, pre-incubation with Kami-Shoyo-San effectively counteracted this damage. As part of the possible protective mechanism, Kami-Shoyo-San was found to activate the brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling pathway. Experimentally turning off this particular signaling pathway diminished the protective effects of Kami-Shoyo-San, providing additional support for its important role.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2019 in the journal Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine found that The active components of Chaihu Shugan Powder may treat depressive disorders by enhancing neural plasticity, improving neuron growth, and regulating neurotransmitters. The methodology of this research began with the utilization of early absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity calculation methods to identify and screen the active components within Chaihu Shugan Powder (CSP). Several databases and tools including the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacological Database Analysis Platform and a text mining tool were utilized in this process. Followed by this, the research gathered data on depression-related targets from the Genetic Association Database, Therapeutic Target Database, and the PharmGkb database. They then leveraged Cytoscape3.2.1 software to construct a network map depicting the interaction between the identified active ingredients and their respective targets. Further, the research made use of the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery and the Omicshare database to carry out gene function analysis and uncover related metabolic pathways. The discussion of results concluded that the active components in CSP could potentially have an antidepressant effect, primarily by means of enhancing neural plasticity and neuronal cell growth, and influencing gene expression. This antidepressant response is also made possible through the up-regulation of gap junction protein expression. The 15 identified targets participated in 14 different metabolic pathways, particularly involving neurotransmitter regulation (such as serotonin, dopamine and adrenaline), inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, calcium signaling pathway, cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and other signal channels.

A Experimental Study published in 2019 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan can potentially reduce and induce apoptosis in uterine leiomyomas cells. In the study, human uterine myoma cells (hUtMCs) were collected from patients who had undergone surgery for this condition. The viability of these cells was tested when exposed to various doses of Gyejibongnyeong-hwan (GBH). Determination of adequate concentration for the treatment was also performed, ensuring that it did not affect normal cells adversely. Western blotting was employed to identify the expression levels of certain proteins that indicate cellular apoptosis, while the levels of reactive oxygen species were evaluated through fluorescence microscopy. Finally, the researchers looked into the time-dependent anti-neoplastic effect of GBH in order to establish an appropriate treatment duration under a non-harmful concentration of the medication. The results showed that Gyejibongnyeong-hwan (GBH) drastically reduced the viability and number of hUtMCs within 48 hours in a dose-dependent manner. It was identified that the ratio of certain proteins and the expression of other apoptosis-related ones increased, suggesting that GBH induced cellular self-destruction in uterine leiomyomas. Moreover, it was shown that GBH noticeably increased the mitochondrial concentration of reactive oxygen species. Conversely, by using certain inhibitors along with GBH, the apoptotic effect mediated by GBH was mitigated. This evidence suggests that GBH could potentially trigger apoptosis of leiomyomas and hence, presents a promising therapeutic agent in managing uterine leiomyomas.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2019 in the journal Biomedicines found that Guizhi Fuling Wan, a traditional herbal formula, can improve peripheral blood flow in menopausal hot flush sufferers, despite not changing the frequency or severity of the flushes. The methodology used in this study involved a comprehensive literature search across 20 English and Chinese databases for relative clinical and experimental studies. From the nearly 13,000 studies identified, only 46 were evaluated as relevant and thus included in the review. These articles were comprised of seven clinical studies detailing Guizhi Fuling Wan's effects on menopausal hot flushes and 35 phytochemical analysis studies that identified the 169 chemical compounds in the herbal formula. Four experimental studies were also utilized to discover the potential therapeutic effects and target proteins/cytokines related to these hot flushes. The findings indicate that Guizhi Fuling Wan, despite exhibiting no significant impact on the frequency or severity of menopausal hot flushes, may have positive effects on peripheral blood flow. The blood flow improvements were specifically noted in the fingertips, jaw, and toes. Additionally, the analysis of the herbal formula revealed 169 distinct chemical compounds. Through experimental studies, potential therapeutic effects on target proteins/cytokines - including estrogen receptor beta with genetic variation, the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor, and interleukin-8, were further highlighted. However, these therapeutic effects were inconsistent across different studies, which may be due to dosage differences and genotype variation.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2019 in the journal Wound Repair and Regeneration found that The herbal medicine Bu Zhong Yi Qi Yang can potentially promote healing in chronic wounds resistant to standard treatments, especially in malnourished patients. In this investigation, a prospective, randomized trial was conducted on 18 patients with unresponsive chronic wounds. These patients were split into two groups: a medication group treated daily with 7.5g of oral Hochu-ekki-to, and a control group who didn't receive this treatment. The status of wound healing was assessed over a 12-week period, where it was scored based on factors such as depth, inflammation/infection, size, granulation tissue, necrotic tissue, exudate, and pocket size. In the study, all patients in the medication group showed progress in wound healing at the end of 12 weeks. Conversely, only three patients in the control group showed comparable progress. This marked healing in the medication group was significantly noticeable after the 8-week mark. Hence, the study concluded that Hochu-ekki-to can be considered a beneficial adjunct therapy in managing chronic wounds, especially for patients suffering from malnutrition.

A Animal Study published in 2019 in the journal Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy found that Meranzin hydrate, a component of the traditional Chinese medication Chaihu-Shugan-San, successfully treats both coronary heart disease and depression, likely through an action on anti-inflammatory and BDNF-TrkB signaling. In this study, mice were fed a high-fat diet over the course of 16 weeks so as to induce atherosclerosis and behaviours indicative of depression. They were then administered either high or low doses of Chaihu-Shugan-San (CSS) and its main component, Meranzin Hydrate (MH), via ingestion. The investigators then assessed depressive-like behaviors using a range of tests- the sucrose preference test, the open field test, the light-dark test and the tail-suspension test. Following these, measurements were taken of the area of atherosclerotic plaques, plasma lipid and inflammatory cytokine levels, and BDNF/TrkB expression. In the results, the researchers noticed distinct depressant behaviours in the animal models suffering from atherosclerosis. However, there were substantial improvements when they were treated with CSS, seen in the reduction of these depressive behaviours, smaller atherosclerotic plaques, decreased levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and inflammatory cytokines in plasma and the hippocampus, and an accompanying increase in BDNF/TrkB expression in the aorta and hippocampus. Interestingly, similar changes were observed when mice were treated with meranzin hydrate alone, suggesting that it could be the primary active component of CSS responsible for these effects. Further tests also showed that meranzin hydrate increased BDNF/TrkB expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

A Review Article published in 2019 in the journal The Lancet Neurology found that Traditional Chinese Medicine provides a valuable, holistic approach to Parkinson's disease prevention and treatment, offering another angle besides Western medicinal practices. The paper uses historical analysis to examine how Parkinson's disease-like symptoms were described and treated in ancient Chinese medical texts, with a focus on the theories of Yin-Yang imbalance and five-element theories, along with the use of various herbs, acupuncture and physical exercise. It draws from a range of historical periods, from as early as 425-221 BC up until the Ming dynasty (1368-1644 AD), discussing different traditional treatments like Zhenwu decoction, Gegen decoction, Jin Ya Wine, and Ding Zhen Pill. In discussing the results, the paper synthesizes these historical treatments with modern practices, pointing out that many traditional remedies, now updated with contemporary knowledge, continue to be used in China. These include the renamed Ding Zhen Decoction, dietary therapies, acupuncture, moxibustion, Tai Chi, and Qigong. It was found that these approaches could improve both motor and non-motor symptoms for patients with Parkinson's disease. Many of the ingredients in these treatments have bioactive molecules which have shown therapeutic benefits. In addition to treatment, the study also emphasizes the value of early disease prevention in line with TCM's approach, noting that certain behaviors typical of the tradition such as tea-drinking and physical exercises have been observed to offer a preventive effect for Parkinson's patients.

A Review Article published in 2019 in the journal Medicine found that Traditional Chinese medicine, particularly Jia Wei Xiao Yao San, Yi Mu Cao and Si Wu Tang, are prevalently utilised treatments for Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) by Taiwanese women. The research involved an investigation into the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) by Taiwanese women suffering from Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Data for the study was gathered from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database for the years 2000 and 2005. The researchers analyzed the demographic characteristics of the participants, the extent of TCM usage, and the frequency and average daily intake of particular Chinese herbal formulas and single herbs. The results indicated that 66.43% of the women reached out for TCM in managing PCOS and most especially in treating infertility or menstrual issues. The most commonly prescribed Chinese herbal formula was Jia-wei-xiao-yao-san, while Yi-mu-cao topped the list of the most commonly utilized single herb. Among the top 20 Chinese herbal formulas, Si-wu-tang was noted for its highest average daily dosage. The study effectively highlighted the preferences and prescription patterns relating to TCM for patients with PCOS in Taiwan.

A published in 2019 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Chaihu Shugan Powder, a traditional Chinese medicine, can protect against gastrointestinal motility disorder by decreasing autophagic cell damage in the gastric interstitial cells of rats. Methodology: The research made use of in vitro cultured rat stomach interstitial cells identified by fluorescence microscopy. These cells were stimulated with glutamate for 3 hours to create a model of autophagy. The cells were then treated for 24 hours with a 10% serum containing either Chaihu Shugan Powder or an autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine. Another control group was cultured with just 10% serum, containing physiological saline. Cell health, cell ultrastructure, and the expression of autophagy-related proteins were then measured by various methods including the CCK-8 assay, transmission electron microscopy, and western blot analysis. Discussion of Results: The study found the cells in the Chaihu Shugan Powder and 3-methyladenine groups to be healthier and contain fewer autophagic vacuoles compared to the control group. It was also found that Chaihu Shugan Powder and 3-methyladenine intervention improved cell viability and resulted in a decrease in LC3 fluorescence. There was a noted decrease in the expression levels of LC3II/I, Beclin1, and PI3KC3, and an increase in the Bcl2 expression level. This suggests that Chaihu Shugan Powder can reduce autophagic cell damage and protect interstitial cells, potentially offering a new method for treating gastrointestinal motility disorders.

A published in 2019 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that The study found that the Kampo formula Kami-shoyo-san (KSS) can ameliorate autism spectrum disorder-like behaviors in female mice. In this research, ovariectomized female mice (six-week-old ICR breed) were given the Kampo formula Kami-shoyo-san (KSS) an hour before each behavioural test. The behavioural tests included the resident-intruder test to analyze sociability, the mirror chamber test for social anxiety-like behavior, and the open field test for self-grooming behavior. Brain ALLO content was measured using ELISA after the behavioral experiments. Further, the impact of ovariectomy on neuro-signaling pathways in the prefrontal cortex and striatum was examined using Western blotting. The study found that the ovariectomy led to deficiencies in sociability, alterations in social anxiety-related behavior, but not changes in repetitive self-grooming behavior. These behavioral changes were accompanied by a decrease in brain allopregnanolone levels and an impairment of complex neuro-signalling activity in the prefrontal cortex. The Kampo formula, however, was found to significantly ameliorate the behavioural and neurochemical changes wrought by the ovariectomy, but it did not affect the brain allopregnanolone level. The study therefore suggests that KSS could have potential therapeutic benefits for treating ASD-like symptoms in females.

A Systematic Review published in 2019 in the journal Medicine found that Existing trials show a positive impact of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XZD), a traditional herbal formula that treats primary dysmenorrhea. The study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XZD), a traditional herbal formula, in treating primary dysmenorrhea. Out of 475 initially screened studies, 8 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 1048 patients were included. XZD, either alone or combined with western medication (WM), showed promise in relieving pain associated with primary dysmenorrhea compared to WM alone. However, the evidence is limited due to the risk of bias in the included trials, methodological flaws, and small sample sizes. Further high-quality, large-scale RCTs are needed to establish the role of XZD in managing primary dysmenorrhea effectively. The potential mechanisms of XZD's effects on dysmenorrhea involve anti-inflammatory activity, improved blood circulation, and antinociceptive effects.

A Animal Study published in 2019 in the journal PLOS One found that The traditional Kampo formula, Kami-shoyo-san (KSS), has potential in treating autism spectrum disorder-like behaviors by enhancing dopamine receptor-mediated mechanisms. In this study, the researchers utilized male mice that were treated with a selective type I 5α-reductase inhibitor SKF105111 (SKF) to simulate an autism spectrum disorder animal model. Kami-shoyo-san (KSS), a traditional Kampo formula comprising 10 different crude drugs, was examined as a potential therapeutic strategy for ASD. KSS was observed to lessen sociability deficits and prevent the increment of grooming behaviors in SKF-treated mice without having any effects on the content of allopregnanolone, an enhancer of the GABAA receptor, in the prefrontal cortex. During the process, the scientists also used the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390, dopamine D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride, and GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline to assess the reactions of the mice and to understand the mechanism of KSS's effects better. D1 receptor antagonism reversed the effects of KSS, while D2 and GABAA receptor antagonism only mitigated the effect on self-grooming behaviors. The results from the research study suggest that Kami-shoyo-san (KSS) can mitigate autism spectrum disorder-like behaviors. This was concluded from KSS's ability to lessen sociability deficits and excessive grooming behaviors in the mice treated with SKF. KSS showed these effects without changing the levels of allopregnanolone, a neurosteroid enhancing the GABAA receptor, in the prefrontal cortex, suggesting that KSS's mechanism may be majorly through dopamine receptor-mediated mechanisms. These findings suggest that KSS is a potentially effective candidate for treating autism spectrum disorder.

A Animal Study published in 2019 in the journal Frontiers in Neuroscience found that Gan Mai Da Zao decoction has shown comparable anxiolytic effects to Diazepam and Buspirone in mice, possibly regulated by serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. The mice were given the Gan-Mai-Da-Zao (GMDZ) decoction orally at different concentrations for a week, with Diazepam and Buspirone serving as positive controls. Anxiety-level testing was conducted using a combination of the elevated plus-maze, light/dark box, marble burying, open field, and rota-rod tests, providing a comprehensive assessment of the decoction's effects on mice. Furthermore, the anxiolytic effects that GMDZ induced in the mice were challenged by the application of Flumazenil, a gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptor antagonist, and WAY-100635, a serotonin-1A receptor antagonist. They found that the effects were successfully inhibited, indicating that the mechanism of action of GMDZ could be linked to both the serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors in the nervous system, thereby reducing anxiety-like behavior in mice.

A Experimental Study published in 2018 in the journal BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies found that The Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen Formula (JPYSF) has been found to significantly improve chronic kidney disease, potentially through the modulation of the mitochondrial quality control network. In the study, 5/6 nephrectomized rats were treated daily for six weeks with the Chinese herbal concoction Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen Formula and Perindopril administered orally. Signs of chronic kidney disease were studied, such as renal function, pathological harm, and fibrosis, and were evaluated. Protein levels connected to the mitochondrial quality control network were measured using Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis techniques. The research observed that the rats presented significantly decreased kidney function and qualitative injuries in kidney structure, evidenced by increased blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, urinary protein excretion, and signs of glomerular hypertrophy, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. By administering the JPYSF, both the kidney function and structure saw an improvement. Further analysis unveiled that the residual kidneys of the rats had an unbalanced mitochondrial quality control network characterized by decreased mitochondrial fusion, biogenesis, mitophagy, and increased mitochondrial fission. This imbalance was rectified through treatment with the JPYSF, thus suggesting a potential therapeutic pathway.

A Experimental Study published in 2018 in the journal Nutrients found that Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) supplement helps reduce running times and control exercise-induced hepcidin levels, boosting iron levels and speeding up iron balance during recovery. The study consisted of 36 recreationally active males who were arbitrarily assigned to receive either DBT or a placebo for 11 days, in groups following their aerobic capacities. On the eighth day, they were subjected to a 13-km run at maximum effort. Blood and urine samples were collected and analysed both before the treatment (Pre-Tre), immediately after the run (Post-Ex), and 24 hours as well as 72 hours after the run. The findings showed that those supplemented with DBT significantly reduced their running times by 14.0% (12.3 minutes) in comparison to the placebo group. A notable difference was observed in serum hepcidin and iron levels. The DBT supplement suppressed the hepcidin levels after the run and 24 hours into recovery, leading to a significant increase in iron levels both immediately after the run and 72 hours post run. Despite this, DBT showed no significant anti-inflammatory or preventative effects against haemolysis.

A published in 2018 in the journal Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy found that Chaihu Shugan San, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, can treat perimenopausal depression by activating the brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathway and promoting neurogenesis. The research involved the use of Chaihu Shugan San (CSS) on perimenopausal rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress to treat their depressive-like behavior. The method focused on the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling in achieving the antidepressant-like effects of CSS. The antagonist used in the study was TrkB antagonist K252, which was found to affect behavioral improvement and block the activation of BDNF-TrkB signaling. In terms of results, it was found that CSS reversed depressive-like behaviors and diminished the reduction of BDNF in the hippocampus of the stressed perimenopausal rats. The antagonistic effect of K252 resulted in significant inhibition of downstream targets of BDNF signaling, such as the ERK and Akt pathways. Simultaneously, CSS displayed a capacity for raising hippocampal neurogenesis, which K252a entirely prevented. Therefore, the BDNF-TrkB-ERK/Akt signaling pathway's activation in the hippocampus is crucial for the antidepressant-like effects of CSS in perimenopause. The research also showed that neurogenesis is necessary for the impact of antidepressants in aging perimenopausal animals.

A published in 2018 in the journal Journal of Clinical Medicine found that Traditional Chinese Medicine, particularly Jia Wei Xiao Yao San and Xiang Fu, is widely utilized in Taiwan for managing Polycystic ovary syndrome symptoms. The study administered a comprehensive survey through the Taiwan National Health Insurance Program database to scrutinize the use of TCM in women diagnosed with PCOS between 1997 and 2010. Single herbs and herbal formulas, their utilization patterns, and the top commonly prescribed items among them, were analyzed to gauge the extent and pattern of TCM usage. The analysis of the survey results revealed that a significant majority, around 89.22%, of women who were newly diagnosed with PCOS, sought TCM therapy. The single herb, Xiang-Fu, and the herbal formula, Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San, emerged as the most commonly used TCM treatments. Furthermore, it was observed that the top five commonly prescribed single herbs and herbal formulas showed potential in treating symptoms associated with PCOS.

A Animal Study published in 2018 in the journal Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy found that Chaihu-shugan san, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been found to improve depression and glucose tolerance by inhibiting inflammation in the liver-brain axis. The researchers used male Wistar rats in which a model of depression was induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) over the course of 6 weeks. The rats were then administered Chaihu-shugan san water extract via gavage for the succeeding 6 weeks. The researchers assessed depressive-like behaviors through a sucrose consumption test and the glucose tolerance of the rats using an oral glucose tolerance test. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels were measured using commercial kits. Key proteins in inflammatory signaling cascades and insulin signaling in the liver and prefrontal cortex of the rats were also evaluated using Western blot. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot were used to note nuclear entry of a certain protein in the liver and prefrontal cortex of the rats. In the ensuing discussions of the results, it was observed that Chaihu-shugan san increased sucrose consumption and reduced serum glucose levels in the CUMS rats, indicating its effectiveness in improving both depression and glucose tolerance. Treatment with Chaihu-shugan san also resulted in reduced serum levels of ALT and IL-1β. The drug demonstrated an ability to inhibit hepatic and prefrontal cortical inflammatory responses by suppressing certain inflammatory pathways and also improved insulin signaling in the rats. Notably, the treatment was observed to increase expression of a specific microRNA in the liver and prefrontal cortex of the rats.

A Experimental Study published in 2018 in the journal Behavioral and Brain Functions found that The Traditional Chinese Medicine Jia Wei Xiao Yao capsule reduces depression more effectively than sertraline, and improves cognitive behavior changes related to depression in zebrafish. The methodology involved identifying the constituents in the Jia Wei Xiao Yao (JWXY) capsule using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analyses. The depression-like behavior in zebrafish, depicted through decreased locomotive and exploratory behavior, and the changes in color preference as an indicator of cognitive behavior changes, were also studied. These behaviors were monitored in the novel tank using an automatic 3D video-tracking system. Afterward, JWXY capsule and a common antidepressant, sertraline, were administered to the zebrafish, following which their physiological changes were monitored along with their cortisol levels, and the expression levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and monoamine neurotransmitters. The JWXY capsule was found to more effectively rescue the zebrafish from the depressed state induced by reserpine, including the typically inhibited exploratory behavior. Additionally, it was more successful than sertraline in reshaping the color preference pattern altered by the onset of depressive behavior. Furthermore, both sertraline and JWXY capsule effectively regulated the cortisol and monoamine neurotransmitter levels, which were beneficial in improving the depressive phenotype and cognitive behavior. JWXY capsule, therefore, potentially holds significant promise for clinical treatment of depression and cognitive disorders.

A Experimental Study published in 2018 in the journal Journal of Chromatography B found that Polysaccharide from Suanzaoren decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine, may inhibit immunodeficiency-induced insomnia by regulating specific metabolic pathways. The study first created detailed physical and chemical models of immunodeficiency insomnia to reflect the complex, multi-target nature of the condition. The serum samples from these models were then subjected to ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry to identify and quantify endogenous metabolites. Post this, principal component analysis was implemented to differentiate the groups, and partial least squares discriminate analysis was conducted to ascertain the crucial variables. The effects of total polysaccharide administration on the serum metabolic profiling were then scrutinized. The results showed 21 potential biomarkers linked to vitamin, sphingolipid, bile acid, phospholipid, and acylcarnitine metabolisms had their levels inverted to different extents in the polysaccharide treated groups. Having established the association of these biomarkers primarily with the mentioned metabolisms, the investigation concluded that total polysaccharide could counter insomnia instigated by immunodeficiency through controlling these metabolic pathways.

A Experimental Study published in 2018 in the journal BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies found that The Chinese herbal formula Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen can enhance the immune system, treat anemia, and regulate erythropoietin and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression. In the study, the Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen (JPYS) herbal extracts were applied onto cultured cells for 24 to 48 hours. Total RNA was collected from these treated cells for real-time quantitative PCR analysis. Additionally, the standardized herbal extracts were treated with transfected HEK293T cells which were composed of a hypoxia response element tagged with a luciferase gene. In one experiment, the treatment of JPYS extracts onto the cultured cells induced erythropoietin expression in a dose-dependent manner, showing a prominent increase. In another experiment, after the application of JPYS extract for 24 hours, the expressions of interleukin and tumor necrosis factor in cultured macrophages were stimulated. However, when the macrophages were pre-treated with the JPYS extract, the expression of the same cytokines was suppressed in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages. So, apart from supporting the hematopoietic function by regulating erythropoietin expression, this study demonstrated that the Chinese herbal formula, Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen, also plays a crucial role in immune-modulation, specifically in regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in culture.

A Systematic Review published in 2018 in the journal BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies found that Ma Huang Tang may lower the duration of fever when it is used alone or in combination with neuraminidase inhibitors and may be a well-tolerated treatment. Twelve relevant studies were identified, including two randomised controlled trials (RCTs, N = 60) and ten non-randomised studies (NRSs, N = 1110). We found that maoto plus NAIs was superior to NAIs alone in terms of the duration of fever in one RCT and four NRSs. The duration of symptoms or virus isolation did not differ between maoto and NAIs. No severe side effects or adverse reactions were reported related to maoto or NAIs. Although we could not reach a definitive conclusion because of the small sample sizes and high risk of bias in the analysed studies, maoto may lower the duration of fever when it is used alone or in combination with NAIs and may be a well-tolerated treatment. More RCTs are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of maoto.

A Systematic Review published in 2018 in the journal BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies found that Chai Hu Shu Gan San (a traditional Chinese Medicine) is a promising in treating depression, especially in post-stroke and postpartum cases. The review assessed the efficacy of Chai Hu Shu Gan San, a traditional Chinese medicine, in treating depression. Out of 560 initial studies, 42 trials met inclusion criteria. These studies were conducted in China from 2006 to 2016, involving 3234 patients with depression. Chai Hu Shu Gan San demonstrated better efficacy compared to controls, especially in post-stroke and postpartum depression. However, the methodological quality of the included studies was assessed as low, with high risks of bias. While Chai Hu Shu Gan San showed promise, further rigorously designed randomized controlled trials are needed for a conclusive evaluation of its safety and efficacy in treating depression.

A Animal Study published in 2018 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that The Chaihu-Shugan-San decoction benefits NAFLD rats by modulating intestinal microbe dysbiosis, reducing fat accumulation, and alleviating inflammatory factor expression. Twenty-four male rats were split into three groups: a normal control group given standard feed, a group fed a high-fat diet, and a group given a high-fat diet in conjunction with Chaihu-Shugan-San. The rats' body composition, serum and liver lipids, inflammatory markers, intestinal microbial population, and NLRP3 pathway-associated protein were all monitored and measured to determine the impact of the Chaihu-Shugan-San decoction. The Chaihu-Shugan-San decoction was found to lower body weight and total fat mass, reducing key inflammatory markers. The manipulation of the intestinal microbial population was also observed, with a decrease in certain harmful bacteria and an increase in beneficial bacteria. Changes were also measured in the expression of proteins associated with the NLRP3 inflammatory pathway. The study thus concludes that the Chaihu-Shugan-San decoction modifies intestinal microbe dysbiosis, shrinks fat accumulation, and eases the expression of inflammatory factors. These elements are all processes connected to the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in NAFLD rats.

A Experimental Study published in 2018 in the journal Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine found that Sansoninto, a traditional medicine, can potentially improve social interaction and attention behavior problems induced by social isolation in mice. Methods involved the usage of social isolation mice as a representation of neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD. The mice were isolated for the length of the experimental period, starting from when they were four weeks old. Two weeks into the social isolation, administration of Sansoninto commenced at two different doses to assess its impact. The study then observed the impact of the drug on sociability and attention behavior concerns as well as fear memory response. In the discussion of the results, it was found that Sansoninto ameliorated the negative behavioral effects caused by social isolation in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating a potential to tackle psychiatric issues like ADHD. Likewise, a high dose of Sansoninto was able to restore the downregulation of Egr-1, a gene responsible for neural function, which conventional induced stress from social isolation had previously under-regulated.

A Systematic Review published in 2018 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that The herbal formula Modified Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang significantly improves functional constipation symptoms with fewer adverse events. Method: Extensive research was conducted on the formula Modified Buzhong-Yiqi-Tang (MBYT) used for adult patients suffering from functional constipation. Twenty-five randomized controlled clinical trials were selected and undertaken in accordance with predefined criteria. A total of 2089 patients' symptoms and responses to treatment were evaluated and compared against the effects of stimulant laxatives, osmotic laxatives, and prokinetic agents. The study also evaluated MBYT's efficacy as an adjuvant therapy. Discussion of Results: The research found that MBYT treatment made significant improvements to patients' constipation symptoms when compared to other treatments. As an adjuvant therapy, it showed superior results in comparison to osmotic laxatives alone, prokinetic agents alone, and biofeedback alone. The review indicates a lesser number of adverse events for patients using MBYT compared to those in control groups. Despite the limited quality and scope of the trials, MBYT showed a remarkable therapeutic effect on adult patients with functional constipation.

A Experimental Study published in 2018 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that The Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen formula appears to slow down chronic kidney disease progression by inhibiting inflammation via the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway. In the method used for this study, a rat model was established using a 5/6 nephrectomy process. The rats were then segregated into two groups: one group given the Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen formula treatment, and another group that served as a control. The formula, measured at a dosage of 2.06g/kg per day, was administered to the rats via gavage over a six-week period. The results from this study revealed that the Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen formula treatment led to a substantial improvement in kidney function and a reduction in pathological injury in the rat model. A Multiplex analysis of various cytokines indicated that the formula triggered a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Additionally, the formula was found to inhibit the activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway that is typically associated with inflammation.

A published in 2018 in the journal Neural Regeneration Research found that Chaihu-Shugan-San, a traditional Chinese medicine, displays antidepressant properties by reducing miR-124 expression and stimulating mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 and glutamate receptor subunit 3 pathways. A rodent model of depression was produced by subjecting rats to solitary confinement and chronic unpredictable mild stress over a 28 day period. They were then administered Chaihu-Shugan-San daily, over a 4 week period, using intragastric methods. This study utilized real-time reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reactions, miRNA microarrays, transmission electron microscopy, and western blot assays to demonstrate the effects of this medicine on miR-124 regulation and the corresponding influence on mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 and glutamate receptor subunit 3. The results found an increase in sucrose consumption and a substantial reduction in depressive behaviors in rats after the administration of Chaihu-Shugan-San. Moreover, this study also demonstrated a promotion in synapse formation within the hippocampus. Notably, Chaihu-Shugan-San was found to downregulate miR-124 expression while simultaneously activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 and glutamate receptor subunit 3 pathways, considered fundamental for its antidepressant-like effects.

A Systematic Review published in 2017 in the journal BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies found that Yu Ping Feng San, a Chinese herbal medicine, combined with pharmacotherapy could be effective for treating allergic rhinitis in adults. The paper evaluates Chinese herbal medicine, YPFS, for treating allergic rhinitis in adults by conducting a meta-analysis and subgroup meta-analyses of several randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Seven databases were searched from their inceptions to September 2017 where RCTs evaluating YPFS for adult allergic rhinitis were included. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the methodological quality of these studies and meta-analysis and subgroup meta-analyses were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of YPFS. Based on the results, YPFS when used in combination with pharmacotherapy seemed to be more effective than using pharmacotherapy alone for treating allergic rhinitis. The paper highlighted an alleviation of four individual nasal symptom scores post YPFS combination treatment; these being itchy nose, sneezing, blocked nose, and runny nose. Furthermore, it was found that the YPFS combination treatment was more beneficial when it was used for more than three weeks. The paper also mentions that YPFS was safe and well-tolerated for treating adult allergic rhinitis. However, it did not seem to be superior to the second-generation antihistamine.

A Experimental Study published in 2017 in the journal Journal of Natural Medicines found that The extract of sansoninto, a Japanese traditional formulation, shows potential as a new treatment for depression-like behavior through stimulating brain cell growth. The research used in vitro screening methods with cultured Neuro2a cells to examine the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and promote neurite outgrowth. Five formulations of Kampo (Japanese traditional medicine) were tested, with the extract of sansoninto demonstrating the strongest effects. To determine if this effect could translate to living organisms, the study administrated sansoninto orally to mice models exhibiting behavioral impairments. The results showed that the sansoninto extract exerted anti-depression-like effects in the forced swim test. The research suggests this effect could be attributed to up-regulated expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus. The results also indicate the potential mechanism might involve the enhanced phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding protein via the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II cascade, which is a downstream signaling cascade of a certain receptor. The former is associated with the regulation of cellular responses, while the latter has been linked with synaptic plasticity in the brain.

A Systematic Review published in 2017 in the journal Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics found that Results support Wenjing decoction (a traditional Chinese medicine) clinical use in treating primary dysmenorrhea. The study aimed to assess the clinical effectiveness of Wenjing decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine used for primary dysmenorrhea in East Asia, through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Using eight databases, the researchers conducted a comprehensive search and included 18 studies involving 1736 patients in the analysis. The results indicated that Wenjing decoction showed significant superiority over nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in improving primary dysmenorrhea based on clinical effectiveness rate, visual analogue scale, and pain scale for dysmenorrhea. These findings supported the use of Wenjing decoction for treating primary dysmenorrhea; however, the evidence quality was deemed low due to a high risk of bias in the included studies. As a result, the study emphasized the necessity for well-designed randomized controlled trials to further validate the efficacy of Wenjing decoction for treating primary dysmenorrhea

A Systematic Review published in 2017 in the journal Clinical Interventions in Aging found that The Chinese herbal formula Erxian decoction appears to be more effective than basic supplements in treating osteoporosis. A systematic review of six databases was conducted, looking for randomized controlled trials using Erxian decoction in osteoporosis treatment. The trials measured a variety of outcomes, including fracture incidents, changes in bone mineral density, improvements in pain symptoms, alterations in bone biochemical markers, quality of life, and adverse reactions. The timeline encompassed all trials conducted up until September 17, 2016, with no restriction on language. The results from the eight trials involving a total of 644 patients were analysed. Two separate meta-analyses were conducted. The first compared the effectiveness of the decoction to caltrate tablets in improving bone density in the spine and femoral great trochanter. The second meta-analysis evaluated the decoction plus caltrate tablets and calcitriol in improving the bone density of the femoral neck, and the levels of calcium and phosphorus, when compared to calcitriol and caltrate tablets. The most common side effect was minor cases of gastrointestinal symptoms.

A Systematic Review published in 2016 in the journal Complementary Therapies in Medicine found that Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang treatment improves clinical symptoms, exercise capacity, lung function and quality of life for patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methodology: The researchers performed a systematic review of three English databases (PubMed, EMBASE and CENTRAL) and four Chinese databases (CBM, CNKI, CQVIP and WFMO), with selection ending on 30th June 2016. Participants in the reviewed studies were diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease according to recognized guidelines and were in a stable stage of the disease. Included were randomized controlled trials of oral Buzhong Yiqi Tang, whether alone or combined with conventional treatment, compared to conventional treatment alone or with a placebo. Various outcome measures were used to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment. Discussion of Results: Sixteen studies involving 1400 participants were included. In general, patients treated with Buzhong Yiqi Tang alone or in combination with conventional treatments showed significant improvement in their condition. This improvement was noted in areas such as clinical symptoms, exercise capacity, lung function, and quality of life compared to those on conventional treatment alone or with a placebo. The treatment also reduced the number of acute exacerbations of the disease. There were very few reported adverse events, inferring a good safety profile for this treatment regimen.

A Review Article published in 2015 in the journal Aging & Disease found that The widely-used herbal formula Dang Gui Shao Yao San can alleviate cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease by improving the function of various central nervous systems. The study examines the impact of the herbal formula Danggui-Shaoyao-San (DSS), commonly used for treating various gynecological conditions, on neurological disorders, particularly Alzheimer's disease. DSS has been observed to exert beneficial effects on the central monoamine neurotransmitter systems, improving the functionality of dopaminergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic nervous systems. Furthermore, it has shown a mitigating effect on the dysfunction of the central cholinergic nervous system and a scopolamine-induced decrease in Acetylcholine levels. In the discussion of results, it was discerned that DSS demonstrates anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, while also reducing cell apoptosis in the hippocampus. Additionally, it's suggested DSS could play a role in moderating free radical-mediated neurological diseases. Of major significance was the observation that DSS can potentially alleviate cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's patients, positioning it as a potentially effective treatment for this disease.

A Systematic Review published in 2015 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that TCM pattern-based treatments for depression frequently use Xiao Yao and Chai Hu Shu Gan decoctions, with Bai Shao and Chai Hu herbs common across different TCM patterns. The methodology incorporated a systematic review of randomized controlled trials from both Chinese and English literatures regarding traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) pattern-based treatments for depression. This encompassed a total of 61 studies and 2504 subjects across 27 TCM patterns. Due to varied TCM patterns among participants, the analysis focused on the four most prevalent ones: liver qi depression, liver depression and spleen deficiency, dual deficiency of the heart and spleen as well as liver depression and qi stagnation. In the discussion of results, it was found that Xiaoyao decoction was most frequently used for the treatment of liver qi depression and liver depression with spleen deficiency, whereas Chaihu Shugan decoction was typically used for liver depression and qi stagnation. Commonly used herbs regardless of the prescribed Chinese herbal formulas included Bai Shao and Chai Hu. Typically, the individual studies did not provide an underlying rationale for herb selection, limiting the conclusions one could draw regarding the efficacy of certain herbal formulas and the response of specific TCM patterns to these treatments.

A Systematic Review published in 2014 in the journal BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies found that Guizhi Fuling formula shows potential in treating uterine fibroids. This comprehensive review analyzed 21 trials (including three meta-analyses and eight individual trials) regarding the effectiveness of Guizhi Fuling Formula combined with mifepristone in treating uterine fibroids. The results indicated potential benefits in reducing fibroid volume and uterine size compared to mifepristone alone. However, the overall methodological quality of the included trials was deemed poor, with issues such as unclear randomization procedures and lack of blinding. Further high-quality clinical trials with larger sample sizes are recommended to provide more conclusive evidence on the efficacy of this treatment approach for uterine fibroids.

A Systematic Review published in 2012 in the journal Sleep Medicine Reviews found that Chinese herbal medicine for insomnia had similar efficacy to Western medication and placebos, with fewer adverse events. The methodology involved conducting a systematic review of both Chinese and English literature related to randomized controlled trials. This focused on exploring the efficacy, safety, and composition of Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM) treatment for insomnia. The selection process was stringent, requiring papers to meet a high quality standard, as measured using the Jadad score. The compositional analysis identified the most commonly used CHM formula and single herb in treating insomnia. The result of the analysis indicated that the effects of Chinese Herbal Medicine on treating insomnia were comparable to those of Western medicines and placebos. While there were adverse events linked with CHM, their frequency was found to be similar to that of placebos but lower than Western medicines. The most commonly utilised standardized formula in the trials was Gui Pi Tang, and the most frequently used single herb was Suan Zao Ren, also known as Ziziphus jujuba.

A Cohort Study published in 2011 in the journal Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies found that Gui-zhi-fu-ling-wan, a traditional Chinese medicine, can effectively alleviate hot flashes in young patients in a safe manner. For the methodology, this study was conducted retrospectively, examining the medical records of patients who visited the Department of Cardiovascular and Neurologic Disease, Kyung Hee Oriental Medical Center for hot flashes from between October 1, 2003, to October 1, 2008. Out of 60 cases reviewed, 37 were selected based on the inclusion criteria. The primary measure of improvement was assessed using the visual analog scale. In the discussion of results, it was noted that the mean improvement in symptoms was significant and a majority of patients experienced a 50% improvement. The secondary analysis revealed that the outcomes of differential diagnosis of cold and hot syndrome and blood stasis syndrome did not affect the scores. Importantly, only a trivial percentage of patients reported adverse events, indicating that Gui-zhi-fu-ling-wan may be a safe therapy for hot flashes.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2005 in the journal The American Journal of Chinese Medicine found that Gui-zhi-fu-ling-wan, a herbal therapy, depicts to be a viable alternative to hormone replacement therapy for treating hot flashes in post-menopausal women experiencing coldness in lower extremities. In this study, an examination of the connection between extremities' blood flow and hot flashes was conducted among 352 post-menopausal women aged between 46 and 58 who were showing climacteric complaints. 131 of these women, who were experiencing hot flashes, were treated either with HRT or Gui-zhi-fu-ling-wan, a type of herbal therapy. This investigation measured blood flow under the jaw, in the middle finger, and the third toe using laser doppler fluxmetry. Subsequent to the therapies, there was a notable decrease in the heightened blood flow under the jaw that is associated with hot flashes. However, the herbal therapy, Gui-zhi-fu-ling-wan, interestingly, increased blood flow in the lower extremities while the hormone replacement therapy did not. This suggests that Gui-zhi-fu-ling-wan does not uniformly affect the activity of the vasodilator neuropeptides on the sensory neurons of systemic peripheral vessels, thereby proving more effective in treating hot flashes accompanied with cold lower extremities.

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