Insights & Discussion
Heavy coffee consumption increases the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in individuals with severe hypertension, while green tea consumption does not.
With the use of the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study, researchers assessed 18,609 participants, both male and female, aged between 40 to 79 years. These participants had varying blood pressure levels, categorized into optimal and normal BP, high-normal BP, and two stages of hypertension. They completed a questionnaire about their lifestyle, diet, and medical history, and underwent health examinations, which were followed up until 2009. The association of coffee and green tea consumption on cardiovascular disease mortality was then calculated using a Cox proportional hazard model.
It was found over an 18.9 year follow-up period that heavy coffee consumption was linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease mortality among those suffering from the second to third grade of hypertension. In stark contrast, people with optimal and normal, high-normal blood pressure and first grade hypertension did not show such associations between coffee consumption and cardiovascular disease mortality. Interestingly, the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality was not found to be increased across any blood pressure categories in relation to green tea consumption.
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Consuming 2-3 cups of coffee daily can help prevent cardiovascular disease and drinking at least 3 cups of green tea has similar benefits.
2022 Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine Coffee and tea on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention Chieng D, Kistler PM
Review Article Cardiovascular Disease Coffee Green Tea
In this review, researchers examined the effects of habitual coffee and tea consumption on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. Specifically, they studied the association between 2-3 cups of coffee or tea consumed daily and their beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome, including hypertension and diabetes mellitus, focusing on how these popularly consumed beverages might affect lipid levels.
The analysis of findings drew a correlation between moderate coffee intake and a reduced risk of several cardiovascular conditions, such as coronary heart disease, heart failure, arrhythmia, stroke, and CVD, in addition to lowering mortality from all causes. It was also noted that the benefits extended to higher tea consumption as well, particularly in the case of green tea, where it led to improved survival rates in population-based studies.
The literature overall supports an inverse association between green tea and cardiovascular disease-related health outcomes, while the included meta-analyses generally suggested an inverse association between green tea and BMI-related and blood pressure outcomes.
2020 European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Green tea and cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: a review of the current epidemiological evidence Abe SK, Inoue M
Systematic Review Cancer Cardiovascular Disease Endometrial Cancer
The evidence on green tea consumption and health outcomes presented in this review suggests green tea may be favorable for cardiovascular disease, particularly stroke, and certain cancers such as endometrial, esophageal, lung, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, oral, and ovarian cancer. More evidence is needed to assess the impact of green tea on breast, gastric, and liver cancer risk. Additional studies could also help clarify the suggested null association with certain cancer sites: colorectal, pancreatic, and prostate cancer. Possible minor adverse events on health from green tea consumption were reported in one study, however these must be interpreted cautiously within the study context and possible finer dose-response implications. The findings for green tea and diabetes risk were inconclusive. For BMI the current evidence suggests a possible weak association, while the evidence is stronger supporting a decrease in blood pressure from green tea. More studies investigating a possible association between green tea consumption and other health outcomes such as cognition, injuries, respiratory disease would be informative to more completely assess the impact of green tea on human health.
In conclusion, our review suggests green tea may have health benefits especially for cardiovascular disease and certain cancer sites.
The major components of green tea and coffee, EGCG and CGA respectively, may have anti-cancer effects, though these effects seem to vary for different types of cancer.
2020 Molecules Anti-Cancer Effects of Green Tea Epigallocatchin-3-Gallate and Coffee Chlorogenic Acid Hayakawa S, Ohishi T, Miyoshi N, Oishi Y, Nakamura Y, Isemura M
Experimental Study Anticancer Chlorogenic Acid Coffee
Studies were conducted across cell-based and animal trials to explore the health benefits, particularly in anticancer effects, of epigallocatechin gallate (known as EGCG) and chlorogenic acid (CGA), the predominant elements in green tea and coffee, respectively. It was observed that the results were inconsistent due to possible confounding factors.
A conceivable mechanism suggested, a part of those shared between EGCG and CGA, was related to the alterations in reactive oxygen species. However, the variance in the anti-cancer effects may be attributed to the different target molecules of EGCG and CGA, signifying the site-specific differences of anti-cancer effects observed in human studies.
Daily consumption of coffee and green tea is linked with decreased body mass index, body fat percentage, and cardiovascular risks in middle-aged Japanese women.
2020 Nutrients Daily Coffee and Green Tea Consumption Is Inversely Associated with Body Mass Index, Body Fat Percentage, and Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index in Middle-Aged Japanese Women: A Cross-Sectional Study Yonekura Y, Terauchi M, Hirose A, Odai T, Kato K, Miyasaka N
Body Fat Percentage Body Mass Index Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index
This cross-sectional study was conducted with 232 Japanese women aged 40-65 years who visited the menopause clinic of Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital from November 2007 to August 2017. The women's body composition and cardiovascular parameters were assessed using a body composition analyzer and vascular screening system. Furthermore, their coffee and green tea consumption frequency was gauged using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. The researchers then explored the associations between these variables using multivariate logistic regression.
In terms of results, the study found a negative association between daily coffee consumption and both high body mass index and body fat percentage. Similarly, daily green tea consumption was inversely related to high body fat percentage. The combined daily consumption of coffee and green tea also showed inverse relationships with both body mass index and body fat percentage. Moreover, in pre- and perimenopausal women, daily consumption of both beverages was found to be negatively associated with cardio-ankle vascular index, a measure of cardiovascular risk.
Green tea intake can significantly reduce both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
2020 Medicine Effect of green tea supplementation on blood pressure Xu R, Yang K, Ding J, Chen G
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In this meta-analysis, studies were sourced from the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases from their inception to August 2019. The selection criteria focused on randomized placebo-controlled trials, exploring the effects of green tea on blood pressure control. The final selection consisted of twenty-four trials involving 1697 subjects, and the results were pooled using the generic inverse-variance method with random-effects weighting. The quality of the included studies was independently ascertained using the Jadad score, while potential publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots, and the Egger and Begg tests.
The pooled results showed that green tea intake led to notable reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, though the outcomes revealed significant heterogeneity among the trials. The funnel plots and tests used to investigate the publication bias did not find any substantial evidence to suggest this was an influencing factor in the results.
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