Chronic Kidney Disease

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• Definition
• Introduction
• Signs & Symptoms
• Research Summary

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Executive Summary

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Write an executive summary in the form of a blog article on the topic of "Research into Chinese medicine treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease" summarising the research below and using language that can be easily understood by patients and avoiding medical jargon using a professional and caring tone of voice.

Write an executive summary in the form of a blog article on the topic of "Researched Chinese medicine treatments for Chronic Kidney Disease" summarising the research below in an objective and easy to understand way, and using language that can be easily understood by patients. Group the article into Chinese medicine treatments first, followed by nutrition and other treatments. Avoid using medical jargon and use a professional and caring tone of voice.

Write me a concise but easy to understand executive summary on the topic of "Chinese medicine treatments for Chronic Kidney Disease" based on the following research that I will give you. Your summary should be 2 paragraphs long in Australian English spelling and include references to the studies.

A Review Article published in 2023 in the journal Nutrition Reviews found that Berry fruits such as blueberries, cranberries, raspberries, and strawberries could potentially improve gut microbiota and reverse dysbiosis in chronic kidney disease patients. Methodology: This research explores the therapeutic potential of berry fruits, including blueberries, cranberries, raspberries, and strawberries, in relation to modulating gut microbiota in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The fruit’s rich polyphenol and nutrient content are assumed to promote the selective growth of beneficial bacteria, thus improving the clinical status of these patients. The study scrutinizes the impact on the abundance of mucus-producing bacteria and short-chain fatty acids specifically. Discussion of Results: The gathered evidence illustrates that berry fruits, particularly with a daily intake of 5 mg, can promote diversity in the gut microbiota and possibly reverse dysbiosis, a common issue in chronic kidney disease patients. These fruits are found to increase the expression of mRNA involved in gut tight junctions such as occludin, TJP1, and mucin, and they may reduce uremic toxins by controlling the gut microbiota, improving the uremic condition. As such, long-term use of berry fruits could be an effective strategy for CKD patients.

A Review Article published in 2022 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Various traditional Chinese medicine treatment strategies could potentially provide an effective alternative in slowing the progression of Chronic Kidney Disease. The study explores the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and various Chinese materia medica (CMM) to manage Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). The review delves deeper into the principles and treatment approaches of TCM in battling CKD, dictating that the disease's nature is deficient in the root and excessive in the branches, where deficiency and excess persist simultaneously throughout the condition. The main strategies employed by TCM in the treatment of CKD include invigorating Qi, tonifying kidneys, promoting blood circulation, removing stasis, eliminating heat and dampness, reducing turbidity, and controlling edema. The discussion highlights the effectiveness of several CMMs in treating CKD, which are undergirded by clinical evidence or experimental studies. Notably, it points out a correlation between the macroscopic view of TCM and the microscopic view of modern medicine. These TCM and CMM strategies are hailed for their multi-targeted and multi-functional characteristics, potentially providing an effective alternative treatment approach for CKD.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2022 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that The Jian Pi Yi Shen formula in traditional Chinese medicine demonstrates a protective effect on kidneys by modulating tryptophan metabolism and Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation. A chronic kidney disease (CKD) rat model was induced by feeding a diet containing 0.75% adenine over a four-week period. Concurrently, the Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen formula was administered every day starting from the third week and continued for four additional weeks. Multiple factors were evaluated including renal injury, fibrotic markers expression, and serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. The levels of 10 tryptophan metabolites in the rat serum and Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling were detected and analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and Western blot analysis, respectively. The Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen formula demonstrated significant effects of reducing both serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels and improving renal pathological injuries in the CKD rat model. It was found that the formula also regulated tryptophan metabolism and decreased the levels of tryptophan metabolites in the serum. Furthermore, the formula suppressed the overactivated Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling in the kidney. These observations imply that the actions of the Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen formula could effectively protect against CKD.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2021 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Luteolin, a component of traditional Chinese medicine herb Zi Su Ye, has been found to alleviate kidney disease stage 3-5 by reducing renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis. By using network pharmacology, the research identified the active components of a traditional Chinese medicine herb used for treating chronic kidney disease stages 3-5. Active components were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography and enriched for substantial analysis. Thereafter, critical components were verified using molecular docking and experimentations. The key therapeutic targets were observed from a constructed PPI network, and further focused on five core nodes: AKT1, TP53, IL6, TNF, and MAPK1. In discussing the results, it was revealed that 19 active components were recognized, interlinking with 108 targets of chronic kidney disease stages 3-5. The potential regulation of various biological functions by these targets was suggested. Specifically, apoptosis, T cell receptor, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways would be modulated. Molecular docking supported the premise that active components dock successfully with corresponding targets. Luteolin emerged as the most effective component in managing adriamycin-induced renal tubular apoptosis by affecting oxidative stress and downgrading the MAPK and p53 pathways.

A Review Article published in 2021 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Chinese herbal medicines could alleviate chronic kidney disease symptoms by combating fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and encouraging repair and regeneration. The study's methodology consisted of both clinical and experimental approaches. It started with an examination of an array of traditional Chinese herbs. The criteria for considered herbs were their clinical efficacy, frequency of use in treating chronic renal disease, and a well-studied mechanism of action. Five herbs, namely, Tanshinone II A, Salvianolic acid A & B, Triptolide, Tripterygium glycosides and a monomer from Kudzu root, made the cut after having met the set criteria. The results showed that these Chinese herbs were found to possess pharmaceutical properties that were effective against fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, these also showed the potential to promote renal repair and regeneration, which are fundamental for treating chronic kidney disease. These findings suggest a broader scope of therapeutic treatments that could benefit the patients in a more natural and potentially less invasive way.

A Review Article published in 2021 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Chinese herbal medicines may improve treatment for those with chronic kidney disease, due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-apoptotic, autophagy-mediated, and antifibrotic effects. The methodology of the research entailed a comprehensive review of peer-reviewed English-language journals that focus on the potential benefits of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) in treating kidney disease. The primary factors investigated were the anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-apoptotic, autophagy-mediated, and antifibrotic properties of CHMs that are commonly used in managing kidney disease. The review also incorporated newly published clinical trials and meta-analyses within this field. The results of the review found that CHMs have multiple beneficial effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-apoptotic, autophagy-mediated, and antifibrotic properties. This, backed by well-structured randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, highlighted that the incorporation of CHMs as an auxiliary with conventional medicines could assist patients suffering from chronic kidney disease. The results, however, noted the limitations on the development of CHMs, like unknown active ingredients, inferior quality, and limited sample sizes of some clinical trials, and questions on CHMs' safety.

A Experimental Study published in 2021 in the journal Nutrients found that Extra virgin olive oil high in minor polar compounds significantly improves kidney function, reduces oxidative stress, inflammation, and ultimately benefits the body composition. The research study tested two distinct types of extra virgin olive oils, namely Synergy with a high content and Luxolio with a medium content of minor polar compounds, on 40 patients suffering from kidney disease. The patients were administered a 40 mL dosage per day over nine weeks. Researchers assessed the impacts on renal functionality, oxidative stress, inflammation levels, and body composition, before and after a subsequent two-month wash out period. Additionally, the concentration of minor polar compounds in the oils was determined through high-performance liquid chromatography accompanied by diode-array detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS). The research showed improvements in kidney function indicators such as estimated glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, azotemia, and uric acid. Further, the patients' lipid profile also improved, as did their inflammation parameters, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and body composition. More notably, these beneficial effects were stronger and lasted longer in those patients who had been given the Synergy oil, indicating a sustained antioxidant and anti-inflammatory impact from EVOOs with higher concentrations of minor polar compounds.

A Systematic Review published in 2021 in the journal The Brazilian Journal of Nursing found that Acupuncture has a positive effect in improving quality of life, fatigue and sleep in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nine studies were selected; the acupuncture techniques used were auriculotherapy, electroacupuncture and acupressure aimed at improving quality of life, fatigue, sleep and clinical variables of the disease. The studies that assessed quality of life, sleep and fatigue presented significant benefits. Studies that assessed quality of life, sleep and fatigue presented significant benefits. There was no statistical significance in the improvement of serum creatinine levels and glomerular filtration rate. Methodological and assessment tools’ divergence made impossible meta-analysis.

A Systematic Review published in 2021 in the journal Journal of Renal Nutrition found that Consuming coffee is associated with lower risks of developing chronic kidney disease, reaching end-stage kidney disease, and having albuminuria. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, researchers conducted a comprehensive literature search through various databases, including PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Embase by Elsevier, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials by Wiley from 1960 until February 2020. Outcomes related to chronic kidney disease incidence, its progression, and mortality associated with this disease were evaluated and correlated with coffee consumption and the amount consumed. Quality assessment of the included studies was done using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The analysis incorporated 12 studies, with a mix of prospective and cross-sectional studies, and a total of 505,841 subjects. Seven of these studies focused on the relationship between coffee consumption and the onset of chronic kidney disease. The finding was that consuming coffee was significantly correlated with a decrease in the risk for this disease, especially for individuals who took more than 2 cups of coffee per day. Furthermore, there was also a noteworthy lower risk of reaching end-stage kidney disease for coffee drinkers, as well as a decrease in the risk of albuminuria (a kidney disease marker). Finally, the risk of death related to chronic kidney disease was discovered to be lower in coffee consumers.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2020 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that The use of Chinese herbal formula granules appears to improve kidney function in stage 3 chronic kidney disease patients. In a prospective randomized controlled study involving 343 participants with stage 3 chronic kidney disease from 9 hospitals in Jiangsu Province, individuals were randomly assigned to either a treatment or control group. Over a 24-week period, participants in the treatment group orally consumed Chinese herbal formula granules twice daily, while the control group received placebo granules. The treatments did not cause any significant difference in the levels of 24-hour proteinuria between both groups. However, patients in the treatment group demonstrated significant improvements in their kidney function compared to the control group. This was evidenced by the significantly lower levels of serum creatinine and significantly higher eGFR levels. Furthermore, the incidence of adverse events between the two groups remained similar, suggesting the treatment posed no added risk to the participants.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2019 in the journal Nutrients found that Consuming walnuts daily can reduce cardiovascular risk factors in chronic kidney disease patients without altering significant physiological levels. In this prospective, randomized, crossover, pilot clinical trial, 13 patients suffering from chronic kidney disease were selected as subjects. They were randomly divided into two groups, one of which was assigned a diet including 30 grams of walnuts each day while the other followed a control diet. After a duration of 30 days, a washout period of an additional 30 days was allowed, following which the groups were switched to the alternate diet. Key markers such as urinary and serum levels of phosphorous and potassium, multiple vascular risk factors, and urinary inositol phosphates were measured before initiating the trial and post the intervention period. The study indicated that a dietary supplement of walnuts resulted in reduced blood pressure, lower LDL cholesterol, and decreased albumin excretion. Interestingly, despite these changes, it had no impact on the physiological levels of phosphorous, potassium, parathyroid hormone, and fibroblast growth factor 23. This indicates that daily consumption of walnuts, when incorporated in a sodium, protein, phosphate, and potassium controlled diet, has the potential to be an effective strategy in reducing cardiovascular risk among chronic kidney disease patients without perturbing key physiological levels.

A Systematic Review published in 2019 in the journal BMJ Open found that Chinese herbal medicine may be effective and safe for treating diabetic kidney disease, although evidence quality varies. The systematic review and meta-analysis comprised randomized controlled trials comparing the use of oral Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) to a placebo, involving a comprehensive search strategy and selecting from over 7000 articles, resulting in 20 studies with a total of 2719 participants. Potential bias was minimized by only including studies that pitted CHM against a placebo. In addition, an a priori subgroups analysis was conducted to identify potential candidate formulae and frequently used herbs for further exploration. Despite these measures, the overall evidence ranged from moderate to very low quality due to unclear randomization procedures, substantial variations in outcome measures, and reduced external validity. The latter was affected by factors such as multi-ingredient herbal formulae, brief follow-up periods, limited numbers of clinical events, and the inclusion of older patients with less advanced disease.

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