Insights & Discussion
Probiotic-enriched mung and adzuki bean sprouts demonstrate increased antioxidant potential and exhibit cytostatic and cytotoxic effects on human stomach cancer cells.
The study utilized mung bean sprouts (MBS) and adzuki bean sprouts (ABS), enriched with probiotic strain 299v, and their gastric digests were tested on human stomach cancer cells, AGS. Differentiation was shown through ABS containing quercetin and kaempferol derivatives while MBS featured kaempferol and apigenin derivatives, each displaying a higher antioxidant potential compared to controls. The viability of AGS reduced notably with low concentrations of ABS extracts, displaying inhibitive action which pointed to their cytostatic effects.
In discussing the results, it is noticed that the sprouts showcased dose-independent cytostatic effects. However, ABS extracts were found to be more effective in reducing the proliferation of AGS, compared to MBS. Notably, the ABS extracts exerted about 70% inhibitions, elucidating their strong inhibitive power. Concurrently, the phytochemicals from these probiotic-enriched sprouts were observed to reduce the associated activity significantly. Observations of increased vinculin level, apoptotic shape of cell nuclei, alongside decreased cell motility and proliferation provide evidence that these extracts exhibited not only cytostatic but also cytotoxic activity.
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Crocin, a compound derived from saffron, has shown considerable potential in hindering tumor growth and improving immune status, across various malignant tumors.
2023 PeerJ Advances on the anti-tumor mechanisms of the carotenoid Crocin Bao X, Hu J, Zhao Y, Jia R, Zhang H, Xia L
Review Article Anti-Tumour Breast Cancer Cervical Cancer
The methodology for the study involved an in-depth review of modern pharmacological studies that have analyzed the therapeutic effects of crocin, a natural compound that can be extracted from saffron. Various anti-tumor effects were assessed including the induction of tumor cell death (apoptosis), restrictions on tumor cell proliferation, and potential barriers to invasion and metastasis of these cells. The potential for enhancement of sensitivity to chemotherapy and improvement of immune status were also examined.
Following the review, the study revealed that crocin has significant anti-tumor properties. It showed that this natural compound can induce apoptosis in tumor cells, inhibit their expansion and progression, and even prevent their invasiveness and metastasis. Furthermore, crocin demonstrated the potential to enhance the body’s responsiveness to chemotherapy and help boost the immune system. These effects were observed across a range of different malignant tumors, including stomach, liver, cervical, breast, and colorectal cancers.
Ellagic acid, found naturally in pomegranates, significantly inhibits growth and migration of gastric cancer cells without causing notable side effects.
2022 Human & Experimental Toxicology The effects of ellagic acid and other pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) derivatives on human gastric cancer AGS cells Cheshomi H, Bahrami AR, Rafatpanah H, Matin MM
Experimental Study Ellagic Acid Pomegranate Stomach Cancer
In the methodology of this study, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was employed to detect the presence of Ellagic Acid (EA) in samples. Various methods were then used to determine the various anti-cancer properties of different concentrations of pomegranate fruit juice, pomegranate peel extract, and pure EA. This included an MTT assay, apoptosis and scratch assay, gelatin zymography and quantitative RT-PCR. Additionally, the study examined the impact of these compounds on immunocompromised C57BL/6 mice carrying human gastric cancer tumors.
Extending to discussing the results, it was found that EA inhibited both the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells in mice and altered gene expressions related to apoptosis and inflammation. The treatments with EA or pomegranate extract resulted in a noticeable decrease in tumor size in the lab mice. No significant side effects were reported from EA use. In sum, the results showed EA's potential as a safe and effective anti-cancer agent specific to gastric adenocarcinoma.
Adzuki bean extracts have shown more potential than black soybean extracts in lowering blood pressure in hypertensive rats, acting on the renin-angiotensin system.
2021 Foods Black Soybean and Adzuki Bean Extracts Lower Blood Pressure by Modulating the Renin-Angiotensin System in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Jeong EW, Park SY, Yang YS, Baek YJ, Yun DM, Kim HJ, et al.
Animal Study Adzuki Bean Black Soybean High Blood Pressure
The methodology used in this research involved the administration of varying volumes of black soybean and adzuki bean ethanol extracts to seven groups of rats, which included one group of normal rats and six groups of spontaneously hypertensive rats. The purpose of the extracts was to explore their antihypertensive effects on aspects such as blood pressure, the renin-angiotensin system, and aortic lesions.
The results revealed that black soybean and adzuki bean extracts significantly reduced various biomarkers such as liver weight, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure. On a comparative basis, the adzuki bean extracts (AE) demonstrated a greater antihypertensive potential than black soybean extracts (BE). Specifically, the angiotensin II level and blood pressure in the AE-treated group were lower than those in the BE-treated group, leading to the conclusion that AE exhibits higher antihypertensive potential.
The pharmacological actions of Coix seed in gastric cancer treatment may involve pathways in cancer, the DNA damage response, transcription factor binding, the apoptotic process, and the cell–cell junction.
2020 Natural Product Communications Mechanism Analysis of Coix Seed in Gastric Cancer Treatment Based on Biological Network Modules Zhang, F., Liu, X., Huo, B., et al.
Stomach Cancer
Coix seed, the mature seed of Coix lacryma-jobi L., is a traditional herb widely used in various cancer adjuvant treatments; however, its mechanism is unknown. The aim of this study was to reveal the multitarget mechanisms of Coix seed in the treatment of gastric cancer (GC) by biological network and modular analysis methods. Forty-one ingredients and 482 targets of Coix seed and 165 GC-related genes were obtained from databases. Twelve on-target genes (AICDA, CASP3, EP300, ERBB2, FGFR2, IL12A, IL12B, IL1B, LOX, TJP1, TP53, and TRIB3) of Coix seed overlapped with GC-related genes. Using compound-target and protein–protein interaction network analyses, we discovered the core targets of Coix seed. Markov cluster algorithm-based modular analysis identified 5 potential module targets of Coix seed for GC. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis demonstrated the vast actions of Coix seed, which involve pathways in cancer, the cell cycle, receptor signal transduction, deoxyribonucleic acid damage response, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and cell connections. This study elucidated the potential mechanisms of Coix seed on GC, which may lead to the development of an effective drug. Additionally, this study showed the feasibility of network and modular analysis methods to investigate traditional Chinese medicinal herbal mechanisms and may provide a new angle for further research in the field of anticancer mechanisms and multitarget drugs.
Adzuki bean paste consumption can reduce fat accumulation in rats by lowering energy intake and altering gut microbiota composition.
2020 Food Research International Dietary adzuki bean paste dose-dependently reduces visceral fat accumulation in rats fed a normal diet Han KH, Ohashi S, Sasaki K, Nagata R, Pelpolage S, Fukuma N, et al.
Animal Study Adzuki Bean Obesity
The study evaluated the impact of adzuki bean paste (ABP) on visceral fat accumulation in rats by administering different doses of ABP - 30% and 58.9% in their diets for a period of 28 days. ABP, being a good source of indigestible carbohydrates with fiber and resistant starch, forms an influential part of the rats' diet. The daily dietary energy intake was observed during this period, with particular attention to fecal lipid and fecal acidic sterol excretions, which were found to be increased in a dose-dependent manner. Certain observations within the body of the rats, including the condition of cecal content and fecal moisture, were also monitored.
In discussing the results of administrating ABP in the diet, it was observed that visceral fat accumulation and serum lipid levels were reduced. Both groups of rats - those given a diet with 30% ABP and those with 58.9% ABP - showed significantly higher cecal acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acids and lowered cecal pH, regardless of the ABP dose. The ABP diet also reflected altered microbial community data, with higher alpha-diversities than a control group. The study further revealed through cecal bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing that the ABP supplemented diets also impacted the ratio of two types of bacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. The findings hence suggest that the cecal fermentation of fiber and resistant starch in ABP was instrumental in reducing fat accumulation.
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