Insights & Discussion
Coffee consumption, in the long term, improves glucose metabolism but may cause unfavourable acute effects.
Researchers undertook a systematic review to evaluate the impact of coffee consumption on glucose metabolism. They scanned two electronic databases, PubMed and Web of Science, for relevant studies published till September 2017. After thorough scrutiny, eight clinical trials involving 247 participants were earmarked for analysis. These trials were divided into short-term (1-3 hours) and long-term (2-16 weeks) studies for distinct evaluation. The participants' characteristics, major discoveries, and study quality were all meticulously noted and analysed.
The initial short-term studies revealed that consumption of caffeinated coffee might lead to an escalation in the area under the curve for the glucose response, an immediate effect. Conversely, long-term studies suggested that caffeinated coffee might contribute to the enhancement of glycaemic metabolism over time by reducing the glucose curve and bolstering the insulin response. Despite the immediate short-term effects, an overall positive long-term impact on glucose metabolism was reported.
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Consumption of unripe avocado extract in the diet may lower postprandial insulin levels in overweight adults with previously elevated insulin levels.
2023 Nutrients Effects of an Unripe Avocado Extract on Glycaemic Control in Individuals with Obesity: A Double-Blinded, Parallel, Randomised Clinical Trial Zhao L, Ingram DK, Gumpricht E, De Paoli T, Teong XT, Liu B, et al.
Randomised Controlled Trial Avocado Glucose
In this study, a double-blinded, randomised controlled trial was performed on 60 non-diabetic adults (with a majority of 47 being women, average age 48 years, BMI 34.0 kg/m). The participants were stratified by sex and randomised into two groups. One group daily consumed an extract from unripe avocado (10 g finely ground, freeze-dried unripe avocado), while the other took a placebo (10 g finely ground cornmeal supplemented with 5% spinach powder) over a period of 12 weeks. The primary outcome measured was the change in glucose area under the curve (AUC) in response to a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test.
The results showed no significant differences between both groups in terms of glucose AUC, insulin AUC, or cardiovascular outcomes. However, in a subgroup analysis focusing on participants with above median baseline postprandial insulin levels, there was a notable reduction in insulin AUC in those who consumed the avocado extract compared to the placebo. This suggests that the daily consumption of an unripe avocado extract, enriched in MH, might not significantly impact glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity in obese non-diabetic adults. Nonetheless, there seems to be a potential benefit of this intervention on postprandial insulin levels in individuals with initially elevated insulin responses.
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has beneficial health properties and can promote cardiovascular health, lipoprotein metabolism, and diabetes management in clinical nutrition.
2022 Nutrients Therapeutic Properties and Use of Extra Virgin Olive Oil in Clinical Nutrition: A Narrative Review and Literature Update Jiménez-Sánchez A, Martínez-Ortega AJ, Remón-Ruiz PJ, Piñar-Gutiérrez A, Pereira-Cunill JL, García-Luna PP
Review Article Cardiovascular Disease Type 2 Diabetes
The methodology of this narrative review involved an extensive synthesis and illustration of the various characteristics and clinical applications of EVOO and its components such as oleic acid, hydroxytyrosol, and oleuropein. It looked at their significance in diet therapy, use in oleic acid-based enteral and parenteral nutrition formulations, and oral supplementation formulations.
In their discussion of the results, the researchers found diverse health benefits associated with EVOO. Particularly, they highlighted the potential of whole EVOO in diet therapy and its minor components in supplementation to enhance cardiovascular health, control lipoprotein metabolism, and manage diabetes mellitus within a clinical nutrition framework. It was seen as a significant addition to nutritional and dietary strategies, with a potential for therapeutic application in several diseases and clinical demographics.
Almond-based diets may be effective in promoting short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria and lowering glycated haemoglobin and body mass index in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with control.
2021 Nutrients The Effects of Almonds on Gut Microbiota, Glycometabolism, and Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials Ojo O, Wang XH, Ojo OO, Adegboye ARA
Systematic Review Almond Gut Microbiota HbA1C
The research was a systematic review and meta-analysis, conducted using the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis methodology. Diverse databases, including the Health Sciences Research Databases via EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and other article's reference lists, were thoroughly searched following the population, intervention, control, outcome, and study framework. The searches encompassed all relevant studies available from the inception of these databases until August 1, 2021.
Nine randomised studies were analysed, eight of which were used for the meta-analysis. Results revealed that diets rich in almonds foster the growth of gut bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids. Additionally, the analysis demonstrated that such diets effectively reduce both glycated haemoglobin levels and body mass index in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the effects of almonds were not significant concerning fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, various inflammatory markers, and certain other indicators of diabetes. The biological mechanisms attributed to reductions in glycated haemoglobin and body mass index are thought to be related to the nutritional composition of almonds, namely their high fibre content and low glycaemic index.
The consumption of cocoa or dark chocolate can reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting blood sugar levels in diabetic patients.
2021 Phytotherapy Research The effect of cocoa/dark chocolate consumption on lipid profile, glycemia, and blood pressure in diabetic patients: A meta‐analysis of observational studies Darand M, Hajizadeh Oghaz M, Hadi A, Atefi M, Amani R
Systematic Review Blood Sugar Cocoa Dark Chocolate
A systematic search of databases identified eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 433 participants for meta-analysis. The results demonstrated a substantial reduction in LDL-c levels (WMD: −15.49 mg/dl) and FBS concentrations (WMD: −6.88 mg/dl) following cocoa/dark chocolate consumption. The study emphasizes the potential positive effects of cocoa/dark chocolate on the metabolic profile of diabetic individuals.
The meta-analysis included RCTs focusing on cocoa/dark chocolate interventions in diabetic patients, with a significant pooled analysis showing reduced LDL-c and FBS levels. The findings suggest that incorporating cocoa/dark chocolate in the diet of diabetic individuals could be beneficial for managing lipid profile and glycemia. Further research is necessary to solidify these insights and understand the complete impact on metabolic health.
The supplementary intake of green tea does not significantly affect blood glucose, fasting insulin, hemoglobin A1c, and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2021 Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews Effect of green tea on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis Asbaghi O, Fouladvand F, Gonzalez MJ, Ashtary-Larky D, Choghakhori R, Abbasnezhad A
Systematic Review Green Tea Type 2 Diabetes
To examine the impact of green tea consumption on type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, a comprehensive search for relevant randomized controlled trials was conducted across multiple databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, without any language or time restrictions until June 2019. Both random and fixed effects models were utilized in the subsequent meta-analysis, with the I2 index employed to assess heterogeneity.
The initial search resulted in 780 relevant publications, from which 14 were selected for analysis. The evaluation revealed that additional intake of green tea had negligible influence on fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, hemoglobin A1c, and insulin resistance indicators in individuals affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus. This conclusion is drawn from a distinct pool of research without insisting further study or discussing numerical specifics and probabilities.
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