This article contains findings obtained from research on animals:
- The results from animal research studies should not be directly applied to humans and the results may not generalise to the human population.
- There may be significant differences between species in terms of physiology, physiology, and pharmacology, as well as differences in the way diseases and treatments are modelled in animals.
- Any conclusions drawn from animal research should be considered with caution and in the context of other types of research studies such as observational studies, clinical trials, and reviews of the literature.
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Jin Si Huang Ju tea, a traditional Chinese beverage, contains compounds that potentially reduce lipids, mitigate insulin resistance and reduce liver inflammation in vitro.
2023 European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Effects and mechanism of action of Chrysanthemum morifolium (Jinsi Huangju) on hyperlipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Li X, Li R, Wang X, Zhang X, Xiao Z, Wang H, et al.
Animal Study Cholesterol Chrysanthemum NAFLD
The researchers identified 14 compounds in the Jinsi Huangju tea using different spectroscopic techniques, 11 of which had not been previously identified in this plant. Two of these compounds, apigenin-7-O-6″-malonylglucoside and luteolin-7-O-6″-malonylglucoside, were synthesized for the first time with a yield of 1.2% over 5 steps.
In the findings, the natural compound apigenin-7-O-6″-malonylglucoside was found to inhibit the function of pancreatic lipase, reduce cellular lipid contents, and attenuate insulin resistance when tested in vitro. It was also observed to restore lipid and inflammatory profiles in plasma and the liver, as well as reduce hepatic steatosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mouse models. Thus, Jinsi Huangju and its active components are strong candidates for the development of drugs or functional foods that could provide a therapeutic strategy for hyperlipidaemia and NAFLD.
Chrysanthemum extract can be utilised as a natural ingredient to lessen post-meal cholesterol levels and enhance antioxidant status, after eating a high-fat meal.
2023 Molecules Analysis of Chemical Constituents of Chrysanthemum morifolium Extract and Its Effect on Postprandial Lipid Metabolism in Healthy Adults Chen L, Sun J, Pan Z, Lu Y, Wang Z, Yang L, et al.
Clinical Study Antioxidant Cholesterol Chrysanthemum
The researchers analyzed the composition of two types of Imperial Chrysanthemum (IC) extracts, specifically IC-P and IC-E, using an Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) method. Next, they assessed these extracts' in vitro antioxidant activities using three different radical scavenging assays: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydraxyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and Hydroxyl Radical(HR). A group of 37 adults followed a randomized program and were divided into two: one consuming a high-fat (HF) meal alone and the other having the same meal but supplemented with IC extract. Blood samples from participants were taken at a fasting state and several more times up to 8 hours after the meal.
The study found 12 compounds, including amino acids, flavonoids, and carboxylic acids, making up over 1% of the IC extracts. Compared to IC-E, IC-P exhibited significantly higher flavonoid content and strong free radical scavenging activity. Chrysanthemum consumption showed significant differences in post-meal glucose levels, triglycerides, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, with the IC-P supplement group showing lower postprandial glucose and improved serum antioxidant status.
A daily dose of Chrysanthemum flower extract was found to significantly reduce serum uric acid levels, potentially improving hyperuricemia.
2022 Functional Foods in Health and Disease Effects of luteolin-rich chrysanthemum flower extract on purine base absorption and blood uric acid in Japanese subjects Takara T, Yamamoto K, Suzuki N, Yamashita S, Iio S, Kakinuma T, et al.
Randomised Controlled Trial Chrysanthemum Luteolin Uric Acid
In the methodology, two studies were conducted where 44 healthy Japanese men and women with slightly elevated serum uric acid levels were split into two groups, active and placebo, using a randomized computerized system. The active group received 100mg of Chrysanthemum flower extract containing 1mg of luteolin. In the first study, purine naturally found in food was ingested alongside the flower extract, and the participants' serum uric acid levels were measured over time. In the second study, the extract or a placebo was taken daily over 12 weeks. Changes in uric acid levels were the primary outcome, and blood, urine, and body parameters were checked to confirm the safety of the extract.
For the results, in the first study, there were no significant differences found in serum uric acid levels between the group that consumed the extract and the placebo group following a purine-rich meal. However, in the second study spanning 12 weeks, the group that took the Chrysanthemum flower extract had significantly lower uric acid levels than the placebo group. Safety tests showed no adverse effects from taking the extract.
Luteolin, found in chrysanthemum flower extract, can potentially reduce serum uric acid levels, suggesting it may help prevent gout.
2017 Integrative Molecular Medicine Luteolin-rich chrysanthemum flower extract suppresses baseline serum uric acid in Japanese subjects with mild hyperuricemia Hirano M, Takeda S, Hitoe S, Shimoda H
Randomised Controlled Trial Chrysanthemum Gout Luteolin
The research involved two double-blind placebo-controlled studies examining the impacts of chrysanthemum flower extract enriched with luteolin on serum uric acid levels. In a single-dose study, fasting participants consumed a capsule loaded with the luteolin-rich extract before partaking in a high purine meal, with uric acid levels evaluated over time. The second study involved repeated consumption of the capsule over a 4-week period, with fasting serum uric acid measured before and after consumption.
The research found that although luteolin did not significantly affect uric acid levels immediately after consumption, there was an observed decrease in these levels following four weeks of continued ingestion. Most notably, subjects with a baseline uric acid level between 5.5 to 7.0 mg/dL saw a significant reduction after they consumed chrysanthemum flower extract. The trial also established that no adverse effects resulted from the ingestion of the extract.