Polyphenol

Add Content

• Definition
• Introduction
• Signs & Symptoms
• Research Summary

Presentation Slides

---

Executive Summary

---

Write an executive summary in the form of a blog article on the topic of "Research into Chinese medicine treatment for Polyphenol" summarising the research below and using language that can be easily understood by patients and avoiding medical jargon using a professional and caring tone of voice.

Write an executive summary in the form of a blog article on the topic of "Researched Chinese medicine treatments for Polyphenol" summarising the research below in an objective and easy to understand way, and using language that can be easily understood by patients. Group the article into Chinese medicine treatments first, followed by nutrition and other treatments. Avoid using medical jargon and use a professional and caring tone of voice.

Write me a concise but easy to understand executive summary on the topic of "Chinese medicine treatments for Polyphenol" based on the following research that I will give you. Your summary should be 2 paragraphs long in Australian English spelling and include references to the studies.

A Review Article published in 2023 in the journal International Journal of Food Properties found that Plums, which are rich in bioactive compounds, antioxidants, and vitamins, can help maintain blood glucose level, bone health, heart health and even treat certain cancers. The research explored the health benefits and medicinal effects of plums, a common fruit belonging to the Prunus genus. The study focused not only on their consumption as a food source but also their uses in beverages. Special attention was given to the polyphenolic compounds, bioactive compounds, and antioxidants inherent in plums, such as phenolic acids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and various organic acids, alongside an array of necessary minerals and vitamins. Apart from detailing traditional nutritional components, the study analyzed the unique constituents of plums like caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and other phenolic compounds which contribute to its antioxidant property. The broader health benefits provided by these compounds spanning bone health, cardiovascular health, blood glucose stabilization, and potential impacts on gastrointestinal diseases were studied, with a particular emphasis on their possible role in the prevention and treatment of heart disease and specific kinds of cancer: lung and oral. The role of plums' low fat and high dietary fibre content in heart disease prevention was of special focus.

A Animal Study published in 2023 in the journal Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment found that Specific fractions of Lycium barbarum, commonly known as Goji berry, reduce heart and kidney damage caused by anthracyclines while possibly enhancing their therapeutic effects. The study investigated the effects of three different fractions of Goji berries (pectin-free, polysaccharides, and a mix of the two) on rat models suffering from doxorubicin-induced damage to the heart and kidneys. The fractions were orally administered at a dose of 2mg/kg while doxorubicin was applied at a total dose of 20mg/kg. Several biomarkers were used to assess heart damage (such as creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase) and kidney damage (creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid), along with potassium serum levels. Additionally, a histological analysis of the hearts and kidneys was conducted. In terms of results, rats treated solely with doxorubicin exhibited a significant increase in all toxicity biomarkers. However, in all groups that also received any of the plant fractions, there was substantial reduction in markers indicating heart and kidney tissue damage. Notably, the pectin-free and combined fractions presented the most substantial decreases in toxicity indicators. These findings were further corroborated by the histological analysis.

A Animal Study published in 2022 in the journal Nutraceuticals found that A. lappa (burdock root) benefits diabetic rodents by reducing blood glucose and improving lipids, but human effects are uncertain This study analyzed the effects of A. lappa (burdock root) and related compounds on diabetic rodents. Results showed that these substances can lower blood glucose levels and improve triglyceride and cholesterol levels in these animals, depending on factors like the type of diabetes model used. However, it's essential to remember that these findings are based on animal studies, and we need more research to know if they apply to humans and prolonged use may have adverse effects.

A Experimental Study published in 2022 in the journal Journal of Food Science and Technology found that Using grape seed oil in the sardine canning process enhances the lipid nutritional quality and increases the fat, protein, and ash contents. The researchers employed grape seed oil (GSO) in the canning process of sardines, comparing its effects on the nutritional quality of the canned fish to that of the traditional olive oil (OO). The assessment focused on the quantities of polyphenols, flavonoids, and non flavonoids present in both the GSO and OO, while also considering the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) specifically linoleic acid in the GSO. The fat, protein, and ash content in the canned sardines were also tracked over a period of 90 days. In the results discussion, it was observed that GSO contained significantly higher levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, and non flavonoids than OO. Additionally, GSO was rich in PUFA, particularly linoleic acid. Following the canning process, canned sardines preserved using GSO demonstrated a significant increase in protein, fat, and ash content. Notably, the use of both GSO and OO resulted in a decrease in both atherogenic and thrombogenic indices to less than 1, implying improved lipid nutritional quality. Critically, levels of thiobarbituric acid and Total volatile base nitrogen remained below critical limits.

A Review Article published in 2022 in the journal Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety found that Pumpkin seed oil, with its phytochemical content, shows beneficial properties against cardiovascular problems in menopausal women and hormone imbalances. The study focused on gathering scientific information that highlights the potential of pumpkin seed oil as a health-benefiting food ingredient. Its focus is on the oil’s chemical composition, phytochemical content, biological activity, safety measures alongside the various production processes. The researchers examined major phytochemicals found in the oil, including polyphenols, phytoestrogens, and fatty acids, while also noting the potential health benefits of carotenoids, squalene, tocopherols, and minerals present in it. In terms of methodology, most studies within this review were conducted in vitro to validate the oil's antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Furthermore, there were clinical studies undertaken specifically to observe the effect of the oil in addressing cardiovascular challenges in menopausal women and conditions related to sex hormone imbalances. The comprehensive overview covers a wide array of data on the composition and potential uses of pumpkin seed oil.

A Review Article published in 2021 in the journal Current Drug Delivery found that Pomegranate juice and its bioactive components may serve as cost-effective, next-generation non-pharmacologic anticancer therapies, particularly against colorectal and prostate cancer. Methodology: The present review was undertaken to provide current information on the impact of pomegranate juice and its bioactive elements, critically focusing on the effects on the most common six types of cancer. The inherent polyphenolic compounds of pomegranate, such as ellagitannins and punicalagin, are known to have substantial antioxidant capability which has been evaluated through in vitro and in vivo studies. These compounds' ability to avert free radicals and design metal-chelates in biological tissues have offered a useful basis to extrapolate their impact on various types of cancers. Discussion of Results: The findings indicate that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of pomegranate possess significant antimutagenic and antiproliferative activities, which proved to be beneficial in modifying gene expression, moderating cellular mechanisms, and limiting the metastasis of cancerous cells. In addition to this, there are reports from a few clinical trials showing the potential of pomegranate ingredients to prevent and treat cancer, notably colorectal and prostate cancer. It’s been noticed that the pomegranate driven therapies may prove to be a cost-effective alternative to costly chemotherapies which often carry drug resistances and severe side effects. Such therapies could offer lesser side effects, making them potential candidates for future non-pharmacologic anticancer treatments.

A Systematic Review published in 2021 in the journal Medicina found that Coffee extract supplementation significantly improves parameters of metabolic syndrome, with the effects varying according to the types and doses of coffee administered. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the researchers sourced relevant articles from PubMed and Scopus published between 2015 and 2020. The investigation focused on randomised controlled trials that studied the impact of coffee consumption on factors like body measurements, blood sugar indices, lipid profiles, and blood pressure. Effects of green coffee extract (GCE) supplementation and decaffeinated coffee were analysed in the study. Following a meticulous extraction and analysis of data from the relevant studies, the researchers found significant improvements in parameters of metabolic syndrome upon supplementation with GCE and decaffeinated coffee. The GCE supplementation, ranging from 180 to 376 mg, was found to reduce waist circumference, triglyceride levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure while increasing high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. The intake of decaffeinated coffee reduced fasting blood glucose levels. The analysis revealed improvements in metabolic syndrome outcomes for participants consuming GCE and liquid decaffeinated coffee.

A Review Article published in 2021 in the journal Gastroenterology Insights found that Tea polyphenols can help rebalance gut microbiota, alleviating imbalances caused by obesity, diabetes, and UV damage, with effects varying by tea type. The methodology of this review involved the process of collecting and analyzing various studies dealing with the effects of tea polyphenols on gut microbiota in both humans and animals. This included studies observing the overall gut health in relation to conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and UV damage. The comparative approach was used to differentiate the effects of different types of tea on distinct bacterial taxa present in the gut. In discussing the results, it was found that tea polyphenols consistently improved and diversified gut microbiota in animal tests. In contrast, while human trials also showed improved gut health seemingly due to a prebiotic-like effect of tea polyphenols, the evidence was not as conclusive. However, the outcomes did show that different types of teas had differing effects on the bacterial taxa present in the gut.

A Clinical Study published in 2021 in the journal Molecules found that Pomegranate polyphenols have shown strong potential in preventing and treating breast cancer through various anti-cancer effects. The researchers conducted a systematic review of scientific literature available on PubMed and Google Scholar, that included articles written in English over the past two decades. They focused on the original research articles examining the potential role of pomegranate and its polyphenols in breast cancer prevention and treatment. In total, they selected 28 papers for review, including both clinical and preclinical studies. The research revealed that pomegranate polyphenols display potent anti-cancer properties through several mechanisms on breast cancer cells. These mechanisms include anti-estrogenic, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-metastatic effects. Additionally, pomegranate extracts could induce cell cycle arrest, cytotoxicity, and inhibit invasion in breast cancer cells. However, findings from two small clinical trials were contradicting. Overall, pomegranate was recognised as a promising natural strategy for managing breast cancer.

A Systematic Review published in 2021 in the journal Nutrients found that Olive oil and leaf extract derivatives have been demonstrated to stimulate thyroid function in animal studies. In October 2020, a systematic review of literature was conducted to study the effects of olive oil and leaf extract derivatives on thyroid function. The search for relevant information was done using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Evidence was gathered from cellular, animal, and human studies that reported on the impact of these derivatives on thyroid function. 445 articles were identified but only nine were considered based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the chosen articles were animal studies involving the oral administration of olive oil, olive leaf extract, or olive pomace residues. The results consistently indicated that these olive derivatives stimulated thyroid activities in euthyroid or hypothyroid animals. The exact mechanisms by which this occurs remain unknown. From the studies evaluated, olive pomace residue was found unsuitable for health supplementation or pharmaceutical use. Despite encouraging results, there isn't much evidence proving beneficial health effects of olive derivatives in humans, and the therapeutic applications particularly in individuals with hypothyroidism, needs further support through human studies.

A Review Article published in 2021 in the journal Molecules found that Green tea, coffee, wine, and curry have beneficial health effects due to the polyphenols they contain, which possess both antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties. The research leverages epidemiological studies, clinical trials, cell-based studies and animal tests to examine the effects of green tea, coffee, wine, and curry -- and their key polyphenols -- on human health. The polyphenols investigated include epigallocatechin gallate in green tea, chlorogenic acid in coffee, resveratrol in wine, and curcumin in curry. The study concentrates on the workings of these polyphenols, primarily focusing on reactive oxygen species (ROS), and how they perform both anti- and pro-oxidant functions, fundamentally influencing different enzymes and factors with health contributions. In the discussion of the results, it is mentioned that the anti-oxidative actions of these polyphenols assist in the scavenging of ROS and the downregulation of the nuclear factor-κB, yielding beneficial anti-inflammatory effects. Conversely, their pro-oxidant actions appear to elevate ROS production, encouraging the activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase that regulates different enzymes and factors for health improvement. However, the exact mechanism of how these polyphenols exhibit either pro- or anti-oxidant effects remains unclear. Also, the research underscores that while many studies note their health benefits, some others show no positive effects on health conditions such as obesity, suggesting that outcomes could be influenced by various study factors.

A Review Article published in 2021 in the journal International Review of Neurobiology found that Goji berries have significant potential as a natural medicine in anticancer efforts due to their high content of active compounds. The research involved extraction and analysis of various fractions from goji berries to ascertain their impact on different types of cancer. These fractions included polysaccharides, polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids and their derivatives, and they were tested against particular types of cancer cells, such as those of breast carcinoma. The effect of these extracts on normal human cells, however, has not been explored. Two distinct stages were mapped out: one with a pectin-free fraction of goji berry extract used to inhibit the growth of two breast cancer cell types, and another phase involving an ethanol extract inhibiting a different breast cancer cell line. In the discussion of results, the study revealed that various extracts from goji berries exhibit antiproliferative properties against different types of cancer cells. Evidence shows that a certain pectin-free fraction of the goji extract inhibited the growth of specific types of breast cancer cells, while an ethanol extract curtailed the proliferation of another type in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The study also found that goji polysaccharides not only influence estrogen metabolism but also activate certain cellular signaling pathways and increase the expression of a certain protein.

A Experimental Study published in 2020 in the journal Bioorganic Chemistry found that Green tea polyphenolic compounds, (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), can diminish harmful Alzheimer's disease linked Aβ aggregates and ameliorate symptoms. Green tea compounds EGC and ECG were tested for their effects on Cu/Zn-induced or self-assembled Aβ aggregation involved in Alzheimer's disease. To do so, a combination of thioflavine T fluorescent spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, silver staining, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence assays were utilized. Findings indicate that these compounds bind mildly to Cu and Zn and reduce their caused or self-assembled Aβ aggregates. Moreover, these compounds were shown to manage neurotoxicity in mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cells by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). From the findings, the EGC and ECG in green tea showed potential in reducing the toxicity of Aβ oligomers and fibrils which are heavily linked to Alzheimer's disease. Notably, ECG has the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier and reduce Aβ plaques within the mouse brain, showcasing its potential for neuron protection. This study highlights the potential of green tea - specifically, its polyphenolic compounds - in the prevention or reduction of Alzheimer's disease symptoms.

A Experimental Study published in 2020 in the journal Molecules found that The major components of green tea and coffee, EGCG and CGA respectively, may have anti-cancer effects, though these effects seem to vary for different types of cancer. Studies were conducted across cell-based and animal trials to explore the health benefits, particularly in anticancer effects, of epigallocatechin gallate (known as EGCG) and chlorogenic acid (CGA), the predominant elements in green tea and coffee, respectively. It was observed that the results were inconsistent due to possible confounding factors. A conceivable mechanism suggested, a part of those shared between EGCG and CGA, was related to the alterations in reactive oxygen species. However, the variance in the anti-cancer effects may be attributed to the different target molecules of EGCG and CGA, signifying the site-specific differences of anti-cancer effects observed in human studies.

A Review Article published in 2020 in the journal Molecules found that Green tea polyphenols can potentially protect against neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's Disease through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective actions. The study synthesized existing research on the potential neuroprotective benefits of green tea polyphenols, particularly in Parkinson's disease. The papers highlighted were drawn from numerous sources and focused on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective attributes of these compounds. Green tea's potential protection against free radicals, inflammation, and neuro-damage were considerable points of interest. The analysis also took into account the complex physiological, social, and cultural factors that could influence the effectiveness of green tea polyphenols in human subjects. Through the evaluation of numerous in vivo studies, researchers came to intriguing conclusions about the overall mechanism of green tea. The studies assessed explored how green tea consumption could mitigate neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's. In these analyses, investigators refined their understanding of how green tea and its polyphenols function from a neuroprotective standpoint. This information helps us better understand the advantages of green tea consumption and its potential role in preventing neurodegeneration.

A Review Article published in 2020 in the journal The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry found that Honey, with its variable composition based on botanical origin, exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting its potential efficacy in managing obesity-related dysfunctions, including neurodegeneration, through improved glycemic control and lipid profile. The review explores honey's therapeutic potential, emphasizing its diverse bioactive compounds. The focus is on its effects in combating obesity-related dysfunctions, supported by experimental evidence from animal studies. Experimental findings indicate that honey can enhance glycemic control and lipid profile, offering protection against endothelial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in obesity. The role of honey's key constituents, particularly polyphenols, is highlighted, underscoring the need for further human studies to confirm these health benefits.

A published in 2020 in the journal Nutrients found that Cocoa polyphenols promote gut health by favorably altering gut microbiota composition and producing secondary bioactive metabolites with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The study revolves around observing the effects of dietary intake of cocoa polyphenols, bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, on gut microbiota. These polyphenols have poor absorption in the gut and hence, rarely enter the systemic circulation in their natural forms. Instead, through a bidirectional interaction with the gut microbiota, they stimulate the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and inhibit the growth of harmful ones, thereby acting as a prebiotic. The resulting metabolites from this interaction are bioavailable, and these enter the circulation to reach target organs. The metabolites exhibit substantial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which improve gut health. These actions augment immunity and reduce the risk of many diseases, documenting a notable health-protective potential of cocoa polyphenols, routed via modulation of gut microbiota composition.

A Theoretical Article published in 2020 in the journal Nutrients found that Coffee, like many fruits and vegetables, activates a cellular response that boosts antioxidants and repair enzymes, which contributes to a lower risk of several diseases. The research paper proposes a new perspective on the health benefits of habitual coffee consumption. Instead of focusing on individual elements in coffee, the study compares coffee as a whole, acting as a plant food, with the advantageous properties of many vegetables and fruits. By linking coffee, vegetables and fruits, researchers identified a common mechanism that promotes health - the activation of an adaptive cellular response which leads to an upsurge of proteins involved in cell protection such as antioxidant, detoxifying and repair enzymes. It was also noted that this response hinges on the activation of the Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) system by phenolic phytochemicals, leading to the expression of cell defense genes. The discussion of the paper's results reveals that coffee plays a significant role in health promotion, the main reason being that it is the primary dietary source of phenolic acids and polyphenols in the developed world. Additionally, a supportive function might be associated with the modulation of the gut microbiota by non-digested prebiotic constituents of coffee. Conclusively, the paper suggests that coffee uses similar health promotion pathways as other vegetables and fruits, and that coffee beans could be seen as healthy vegetable food and a leading supplier of dietary phenolic phytochemicals.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2020 in the journal Foods found that The antioxidant potential and substance levels in Matcha tea is affected by the harvest period and water temperature used for preparation. The study's methodology was set to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and significant component levels of traditional and daily Matcha green tea, originating from Japan. It focused on the content of essential vitamins, flavonoids, and other polyphenols. The variations in these components were examined by making infusions at different temperatures - 25°C, 70°C, 80°C, and 90°C. Approximately 1.75g of the plant material was used with 100mL of distilled water in these preparations. The comparison was made between Matcha tea from the first and second harvests, as well as from the second and third harvests. In the discussion of results, infusions made from the daily Matcha harvest, especially the one prepared at 90°C, were observed to have the highest amount of substances possessing antioxidant properties. Notably, the concentrations of these beneficial substances tended to vary according to the timing of the plant's harvest and the temperature of water used for infusion preparation. Particularly, flavonoids, polyphenols, and vitamin C showed appreciable fluctuation across these variables, confirming a vital link between preparation details and the health benefits furnished by Matcha green tea.

A Review Article published in 2020 in the journal Food Reviews International found that Bioactive compounds found in avocado waste products exhibit various biological properties, with potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, we delved into the archived scientific research concerning bioactive compounds and their sources, particularly focusing on avocado waste products such as leaves, peels, and seeds. We identified the primary compounds found in these parts to include carotenoids, tocopherols, phytosterols and a group of natural organic structures known as polyphenols. In the results discussion, we found that the compounds discovered in avocado waste products have credible biological activities that have distinct health implications. The wastes extracts demonstrated antimicrobial properties, along with anti-inflammatory characteristics. Additionally, they showed potential anticancer, antidiabetic and antihypertensive capabilities. These findings infer that the bioactive compounds from avocado wastes may be successfully used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

A Review Article published in 2020 in the journal International Review of Neurobiology found that The date fruit contains compounds such as flavonoids that can protect tissues from harm and reduce risks of illnesses like cardiovascular disease and cancer. The research focused on the properties of the date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera), known to be rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. A particular interest was given to flavonoids, a group of phytochemicals renowned for their high antioxidant capacity, and other useful traits. The study investigated the fruit's capability in protecting tissues against harmful effects, examining the interference with enzymes that prompt the formation of damaging free radicals. In the discussions, it was indicated that the date fruits were not only appreciated for their organoleptic properties but also for their biological activities. The protective properties of the fruit against harmful effects arose from flavonoids and their ability to inhibit the formation of free radicals. Flavonoid-rich date fruit consumption was suggested to correlate to a decreased risk of various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. This aspect uplifts date fruit as a prized option for consumers seeking health benefits from their diet.

A Review Article published in 2019 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Honey can protect the bone via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, primarily through its polyphenol content that acts upon several signalling pathways, leading to bone anabolic and antiresorptive effects. This review aims to summarize the current evidence on the effects of honey on bone health. The evidence reported so far indicates a skeletal-beneficial effect of honey in animal models of osteoporosis. However, the number of studies on humans is limited. The literature shows that honey has promising skeletal-beneficial effects in preventing osteoporosis. Many types of honey have been shown to prevent bone loss in various animal models via its high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, the efficacy of honey seems to be dose-dependent, whereby very high or low dosage will not produce desirable results on the skeleton.

A Systematic Review published in 2019 in the journal Nutrients found that The mung bean has been documented to ameliorate hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia, and hypertension, and prevent cancer and melanogenesis, as well as possess hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory activities. The mung bean has been documented to ameliorate hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia, and hypertension, and prevent cancer and melanogenesis, as well as possess hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory activities. These health benefits derive primarily from the concentration and properties of those active compounds present in the mung bean. Vitexin and isovitexin are identified as the major polyphenols, and peptides containing hydrophobic amino acid residues with small molecular weight show higher bioactivity in the mung bean.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2019 in the journal Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry found that Adzuki bean extract administered once a day can result in increased HDL-C concentration. This finding suggests that adzuki bean polyphenols are a novel food ingredient capable of maintaining lipid homeostasis by modulating the HDL-C levels, without causing any adverse effects. This short-term study represents the first step in establishing the practicality, safety, and HDL-C-maintaining effects of adzuki bean extract in subjects with moderate-to-high LDL-C levels.

A Experimental Study published in 2019 in the journal Frontiers in Microbiology found that Pomegranate extracts and a probiotic strain have shown a combined effect in reducing fat content and the development of fat cells, potentially useful in preventing and treating obesity. The study was conducted to uncover the prebiotic potential of water-soluble pomegranate extract, characterized by its phenolic content. This was done by the use of High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array Detector and Electrospray Ionization/Mass Spectra (HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS). The investigation also involved testing the effects of the pomegranate extract and probiotic GG ATCC 53103 strain (LGG) on the 3T3-L1 cell line, to shed light on their impact on fat production and storage within cells. The study appears to showcase that the combination treatment of pomegranate extract and LGG have substantial effects in lowering the creation and accumulation of fat within cells. It was observed that the combined treatment was most effective in reducing triglyceride content and intracellular lipid accumulation. Furthermore, mRNA expression levels of the main transcriptional factors implicated in adipocyte differentiation were substantially lower in cells treated with this combination. These observations suggest a synergistic effect of probiotics and polyphenols contained in pomegranate extract, with the potential to influence fat cell development and offer benefits in addressing obesity.

A Experimental Study published in 2019 in the journal Folia Medica found that The pectin-free fraction of Lycium barbarum, or goji berry, strongly inhibits growth in breast cancer cells, and this effect is enhanced by adding polysaccharides. In this study, the researchers isolated three fractions of Lycium barbarum, also known as goji berry, and tested their antioxidant activity using Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity and Hydroxyl Radical Averting Capacity assays. After this, the antiproliferative effects of these extracts were evaluated on three separate breast cancer cell lines. To see the influence of different components of the berry, a distinct pectin-free fraction was used and its effects were studied in conjunction with those of added polysaccharides. The results indicate that the pectin-free fraction produced the most significant growth inhibitory effect on the breast cancer cells. This inhibitory effect was found to be enhanced when polysaccharides were added to the pectin-free fraction. A determining factor for the observed effects seemed to be the polyphenolic content of the extracts, with higher content correlating to stronger effects.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2019 in the journal Molecules found that Raw pu-erh tea extract has superior antioxidant capacity due to higher polyphenol content, but ripe pu-erh offers a cheaper, yet effective alternative for antioxidant or antimicrobial properties. The investigation first utilised mass spectrometry and UV spectroscopy to profile and quantify the primary components of two types of fermented Chinese green tea - raw and ripe pu-erh. This took place after a procedure known as chromatographic separation, used to separate the components of the extract. Beyond this, the activities of the extracts, relating to antioxidant potential, antimicrobial capability and enzyme inhibition, were established and linked to their main components. In discussing the results, though having similar caffeine content and equivalent enzyme inhibition and antimicrobial activities, raw pu-erh extract demonstrated a stronger antioxidant ability owing to it containing a higher concentration of polyphenols. However, the benefits of raw pu-erh tea do not provide enough justification for its higher production costs in comparison to the ripe variety. The ripe variety of pu-erh tea was shown to be a cost-effective alternative for creating products with antioxidant or antimicrobial characteristics.

A published in 2018 in the journal Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine found that The polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibits the growth of cervical carcinoma cell lines potentially by altering the expression of micro-RNAs, indicating its potential as an anti-cervical cancer drug. In the methodology, an MTT assay was used to measure cell proliferation and examine the inhibitory effects of EGCG, a polyphenol, on the growth of cervical carcinoma for HeLa cells subjected to a range of EGCG concentrations. The study also assessed the associated regulation of various microRNA expression involving HeLa, SiHa, CaSki and C33A cell lines, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. The results revealed that the growth of HeLa cells was significantly reduced by EGCG in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Further, the study found noteworthy changes in the expression of particular microRNAs in various cell lines due to EGCG treatment. It was observed that certain microRNAs were significantly downregulated while others were upregulated. Therefore, the study suggests that EGCG likely suppresses the growth of cervical carcinoma cells by potentially regulating the expression of micro-RNAs.

A Systematic Review published in 2017 in the journal Frontiers in Nutrition found that Cocoa consumption has strong beneficial impacts on cardiovascular health, reducing blood pressure, improving vascular function, and modulating lipid and glucose metabolism. In the study's methodology, the link between the consumption of natural polyphenol-rich foods, specifically cocoa, and a decreased risk of cardiovascular diseases was explored. The process involved evaluating cocoa's influence on various aspects, such as blood pressure reduction, vascular function improvement, lipid and glucose metabolism modulation, and reduction of platelet aggregation. This evaluation was performed in varying demographic groups, including healthy individuals, individuals with risk factors such as diabetes and arterial hypertension, and individuals with established coronary heart diseases or heart failure. The study's findings indicate that cocoa's consumption has a significant and positive effect on cardiovascular health. Notably, it was found to reduce blood pressure, enhance vascular function, and modulate lipid and glucose metabolism. These beneficial effects were observed in all the subjects irrespective of their health status - healthy, at risk, or with established cardiovascular diseases. The results hypothesize several potential mechanisms through which cocoa exerts these positive effects, including the activation of nitric oxide synthase, increased availability of nitric oxide, and inherent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2016 in the journal The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that Montmorency tart cherry juice intake can significantly lower systolic blood pressure in men with early hypertension, with improvements linked to phenolic acids. In a carefully controlled, blinded, crossover study employing a randomized Latin square design, fifteen male participants showing early signs of hypertension were given either a 60-mL dose of Montmorency tart cherry (MC) concentrate or a placebo. A recovery period of at least 14 days was allowed between tests to eliminate lingering effects from the previous test. Observations centred on microvascular reactivity, arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and phenolic acid absorption, and these were collected at designated intervals before and up to eight hours after consuming the MC concentrate or placebo. The analysis of the data revealed that consumption of the MC concentrate resulted in a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure in comparison to the placebo, reaching maximum impact two hours after intake. Crucially, this positive effect was found to coincide with an increase in circulating protocatechuic and vanillic acid 1-2 hours post consumption. Thus, it is suggested that the benefits of MC for cardiovascular health, particularly for blood pressure control, can be directly attributed to the influence of these circulating phenolic acids.

A Experimental Study published in 2014 in the journal Arthritis Research & Therapy found that Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), found in green tea, can significantly slow down osteoarthritis progression and reduce associated pain in a post-traumatic osteoarthritis mouse model. C57BL/6 mice were operated to destabilize the medial meniscus mimicking post-traumatic osteoarthritis or were subjected to a sham surgery as a control. From the day of the surgery, the mice were given daily injections of EGCG or a vehicle control for either four or eight weeks. The severity of osteoarthritis was evaluated by staining and scoring techniques, detection of type II collagen and aggrecan, as well as through the measurement of enzyme expression involved in cartilage degradation. After the surgery, at both four and eight weeks, the cartilage in EGCG-treated mice showcased lesser cartilage erosion and staining loss than the control mice. Furthermore, it also revealed lower osteoarthritis scores and reduced levels of enzymes implicated in cartilage degradation. The EGCG-treated mice exhibited elevated expression of genes that regulate these enzymes. Additionally, EGCG positively affected the cartilage's gene expression level for both pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. EGCG treatment also resulted in a reduction of osteoarthritis-associated pain, reflected in higher locomotor behavior and a decrease in the expression of inflammatory cytokines and a chemokine receptor in the dorsal root ganglion.

A Review Article published in 2014 in the journal Nutrients found that Consuming a diverse mix of dietary measures enhances iron absorption more effectively than focusing on single nutrients or foods, especially in young women. This review examined dietary factors that contribute to iron deficiency in young women residing in industrialized countries. The study analysed dietary elements such as ascorbic acid and animal protein foods - meat, fish, and poultry - that enhance iron absorption. Conversely, it also explored elements like phytic acid, soy protein, calcium, and polyphenols, which inhibit this process. Furthermore, the research also delved into the complex interactions between these dietary factors, whose consumption effects may cancel each other out. The study made use of cross-sectional studies to deduce the relationship between diet and iron status. Through these studies, it was discovered that only meat intake consistently resulted in higher serum ferritin concentrations, indicating increased iron stores. In recent studies, the combination and timing of foods consumed were considered, yielding rather mixed results. The results indicate that while some diet elements such as ascorbic acid and meat enhance iron absorption, their impact may be nullified when consumed alongside inhibitory foods and nutrients. Across different studies, meat intake consistently improved iron status, hinting at its potential role in mitigating iron deficiency. However, the most striking finding is that using a broad selection of dietary measures, rather than focusing on individual nutrients or foods, presents a more effective approach. This suggests dietary diversification could be crucial for preventing and treating iron deficiency, particularly in young women in industrialized countries.

A Systematic Review published in 2014 in the journal The Journal of Nutrition found that Polyphenolic compounds found in walnuts not only reduce the oxidant and inflammatory load on brain cells but also improve interneuronal signaling, increase neurogenesis, and enhance sequestration of insoluble toxic protein aggregates. In conclusion, age-related increases in oxidative stress and inflammation, especially when coupled with metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunction, lead to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. This process of brain aging occurs even in the absence of specific neurodegenerative diseases. Although most chronic neurodegenerative diseases cannot currently be cured, preventive measures earlier in life can protect cognitive function in old age and may prevent or delay the onset of debilitating neurodegenerative diseases. Dietary interventions provide a safe and palatable means of modifying the body's internal environment and, importantly, the neuronal environment within the brain. Walnut polyphenols and tocopherols can reduce oxidative stress and inflammation; furthermore, PUFAs help maintain neuronal membrane integrity and attenuate protein aggregation involved in AD. In rodent studies, the addition of dietary walnuts, equivalent to a single serving of walnuts for humans, was sufficient to improve both motor and cognitive behavior in aged animals. In humans, the inclusion of walnuts in the diet improved cardiovascular health, which is itself a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases and age-related cognitive decline. Taken together, this evidence suggests that the integration of walnuts into a healthy diet could be an effective means of prolonging health spans, slowing the processes of brain aging, and reducing the risk of chronic neurodegenerative disease.

A Experimental Study published in 2014 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Honey, specifically its polyphenols, show promising signs of enhancing memory and counteracting neurodegenerative diseases by reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. The research focuses on the analysis of the nootropic and neuropharmacological benefits of honey, with particular emphasis on its polyphenol constituents. Essentially, honey's nutritional and physiological effects on memory enhancement and various neurological activities have been examined. This study delves into the mechanistic approach in which honey, as a natural compound, can mitigate oxidative stress while enhancing the cellular antioxidant defense system - a cue to its potential role in neutralizing reactive oxygen species that have harmful effects on neurological health. The findings from the research suggest that honey and its polyphenols play a noteworthy role in neuronal health. They display a potential ability to improve memory deficits and other neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, honey polyphenols have been associated with apoptosis activities and the reduction of microglia-induced neuroinflammation. Furthermore, the direct involvement of these polyphenols in synaptic plasticity was found, which could have a substantial effect on the behavior-modulating neural circuitry. Overall, these findings indicate the possible therapeutic value of honey and its polyphenols on the health of the neurological system.

A Experimental Study published in 2012 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Pomegranate polyphenols have notable antioxidant and antiatherogenic effects that lessen cholesterol, oxidized lipids accumulation, and atherosclerosis development in arterial macrophages. The research utilizes both in vitro and in vivo human and mouse models to explore the impact of pomegranate polyphenols. Specifically, the study investigates its effects on serum lipoproteins and arterial macrophages, two major components of atherosclerotic lesions. The study administers pomegranate juice and its by-products to the models for observational testing. The results indicate that pomegranate polyphenols significantly curtailed the accumulation of cholesterol and oxidized lipids in macrophages, as well as the formation of foam cells, a key factor in early atherogenesis. Consequently, this led to the deceleration of atherosclerosis development and its associated cardiovascular events. This suggests the potentially potent antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties of pomegranate polyphenols and their beneficial effects on cardiovascular health.

Moderation Tools

---

Topic