Back Pain
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Cupping therapy has demonstrated notable effects in reducing chronic back pain in adults.
Back Pain Back, Hip & Leg Pain Cupping
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Research Articles
Published research studies are articles that present the findings of original research that has undergone a peer-review process and has been made publicly available in scholarly journals, books or other media.
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Short-term effects of cupping and scraping therapy for chronic nonspecific low-back pain: A prospective, multicenter randomized trial
2024 Jan Journal of Integrative Medicine He J, Tu X, Yin Z, Mu H, Luo M, Chen X, et al.
The combination of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapy with cupping and scraping using a medicated balm demonstrated superior effectiveness compared to NSAID therapy with topical plasters in reducing pain intensity, improving TCM symptoms, and enhancing quality of life for patients with CNLBP. Additionally, TCM plus physiotherapy exhibited more stable and long-lasting therapeutic effects without adverse reactions.
Randomised Controlled TrialEfficacy and safety of Tuina for chronic nonspecific low back pain: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis
2023 Mar 03 Medicine Yang J, Zhou X, Ma Q, Woods JT, Mohabbat AB, Do A, et al.
Systematic Review Meta-Analysis Low Back PainTuina therapy for chronic low back pain indicates potential pain relief and reduced disability but doesn't improve quality of life
Tuina massage for chronic low back pain reveals promising results amid methodological considerations
Shoulder Pain and the Potential Role of Acupuncture: A Narrative Review of Clinical Practice and Treatment Guidelines
2022 Oct 01 Perspectives on Integrative Medicine Birch S, Lee MS, Kim TH, Alraek T
Practice Guideline Review Article Shoulder PainAcupuncture is safe and may be a cost-effective treatment for shoulder pain.
Acupuncture in chronic aspecific low back pain: a Bayesian network meta-analysis
2022 Jun 20 Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research Baroncini A, Maffulli N, Eschweiler J, Molsberger F, Klimuch A, Migliorini F
Systematic Review Meta-AnalysisIndividualised acupuncture and standard acupuncture combined with TENS were the most effective protocols for the non-pharmacological management of chronic aspecific low back pain based on measures of pain and disability, compared to sham treatment.
Frequency-Specific Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Oscillations Associated With Pain Relief From Ankle Acupuncture in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain
2021 Dec 07 Frontiers in Neuroscience Xiang A, Chen M, Qin C, Rong J, Wang C, Shen X, et al.
Frequency-specific resting-state activity in the cerebellum and insular was correlated to ankle acupuncture stimulation (AAS) analgesia. Our frequency-specific analysis of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) may provide novel insights related to pain relief from acupuncture.
Randomised Controlled Trial AcupunctureResearch Insights
Insights are moderated by the Research Hub team and offer an at-a-glance overview of interesting research findings.
Tuina therapy for chronic low back pain indicates potential pain relief and reduced disability but doesn't improve quality of life
2023 Medicine Efficacy and safety of Tuina for chronic nonspecific low back pain: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis Yang J, Zhou X, Ma Q, Woods JT, Mohabbat AB, Do A, et al.
Systematic Review Low Back Pain
Tuina's efficacy and safety for chronic non-specific low back pain demonstrates its potential for reducing pain and physical disability but not improving quality of life; adverse events were mild and self-resolving, suggesting Tuina's relative safety.
Tuina massage for chronic low back pain reveals promising results amid methodological considerations
2023 Medicine Efficacy and safety of Tuina for chronic nonspecific low back pain: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis Yang J, Zhou X, Ma Q, Woods JT, Mohabbat AB, Do A, et al.
Systematic Review Low Back Pain
The study confirms the potential of Tuina in mitigating low back pain-related pain and physical disability, though not significantly impacting quality of life. Reported adverse events, such as localized bruising and pain, were transient and self-resolving, indicating Tuina's relatively safe nature.
Acupuncture is safe and may be a cost-effective treatment for shoulder pain.
2022 Perspectives on Integrative Medicine Shoulder Pain and the Potential Role of Acupuncture: A Narrative Review of Clinical Practice and Treatment Guidelines Birch S, Lee MS, Kim TH, Alraek T
Practice Guideline Shoulder Pain
There were 131 statements recommending the use of acupuncture for shoulder pain across 12 subtypes of shoulder pain. The most common statements were for non-specific ‘shoulder pain.’ There were 11 statements against the use of acupuncture for shoulder pain and three subtypes of shoulder pain. The level of evidence in studies of acupuncture treatment for shoulder pain is low, therefore, further research is needed. Recommendations for the use of acupuncture for shoulder pain are increasing but lag behind those for other pain problems such as low back pain.
Individualised acupuncture and standard acupuncture combined with TENS were the most effective protocols for the non-pharmacological management of chronic aspecific low back pain based on measures of pain and disability, compared to sham treatment.
2022 Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research Acupuncture in chronic aspecific low back pain: a Bayesian network meta-analysis Baroncini A, Maffulli N, Eschweiler J, Molsberger F, Klimuch A, Migliorini F
Systematic Review
The results of this Bayesian network meta-analysis show that individualised acupuncture and standard acupuncture combined with Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) are the most effective protocols for the non-pharmacological management of chronic aspecific low back pain (LBP), with the highest improvement in pain and quality of life compared to sham treatment.
Moderate-quality evidence revealed an association between acupressure and greater pain relief compared with physical therapy.
2021 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Acupressure on Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Tao Li , Xiaohui Li ,Fan Huang , Qiang Tian , Z. Y. Fan , and S. Wu
Systematic Review Back, Hip & Leg Pain Low Back Pain
The systematic review and meta-analysis included 23 RCTs with 2400 participants with low back pain. Consistent with previous systematic reviews, moderate-quality evidence revealed an association between acupressure and greater pain relief compared with physical therapy.
Although rated as very-low to low, poor quality evidence suggested that acupressure, with or without combinative acupuncture therapy, contributed to a greater amelioration of pain and functional disability from low back pain compared with usual care, tuina massage, or acupuncture.
Trial sequential analysis results revealed that adequate studies supported the significance of the clinical response rate of acupressure, with or without combinative acupuncture therapy, compared to other treatments.
Review Articles
Review articles summarise and critically evaluate the current state of research on a specific topic or field by synthesising multiple primary research studies.
Efficacy and safety of Tuina for chronic nonspecific low back pain: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis
2023 Mar 03 Medicine Yang J, Zhou X, Ma Q, Woods JT, Mohabbat AB, Do A, et al.
Systematic Review Meta-Analysis Low Back PainTuina therapy for chronic low back pain indicates potential pain relief and reduced disability but doesn't improve quality of life
Tuina massage for chronic low back pain reveals promising results amid methodological considerations
Shoulder Pain and the Potential Role of Acupuncture: A Narrative Review of Clinical Practice and Treatment Guidelines
2022 Oct 01 Perspectives on Integrative Medicine Birch S, Lee MS, Kim TH, Alraek T
Practice Guideline Review Article Shoulder PainAcupuncture is safe and may be a cost-effective treatment for shoulder pain.
Acupuncture in chronic aspecific low back pain: a Bayesian network meta-analysis
2022 Jun 20 Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research Baroncini A, Maffulli N, Eschweiler J, Molsberger F, Klimuch A, Migliorini F
Systematic Review Meta-AnalysisIndividualised acupuncture and standard acupuncture combined with TENS were the most effective protocols for the non-pharmacological management of chronic aspecific low back pain based on measures of pain and disability, compared to sham treatment.
Neuroimaging Studies of Acupuncture on Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review
2021 Sep 20 Frontiers in Neuroscience Wen Q, Ma P, Dong X, Sun R, Lan L, Yin T, et al.
The results suggested that improving abnormal structure and functional activities in the brain of the LBP patient is an important mechanism of acupuncture treatment for LBP.
Systematic Review Lower Back Pain AcupunctureClinical Efficacy and Safety of Acupressure on Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
2021 Feb 25 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Tao Li , Xiaohui Li ,Fan Huang , Qiang Tian , Z. Y. Fan , and S. Wu
Systematic Review Meta-Analysis Back, Hip & Leg Pain Low Back PainModerate-quality evidence revealed an association between acupressure and greater pain relief compared with physical therapy.
Clinical Trials
Clinical trials are research studies that involve people and are conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new treatments or interventions, such as drugs, medical devices, or behavioural therapies.
Short-term effects of cupping and scraping therapy for chronic nonspecific low-back pain: A prospective, multicenter randomized trial
2024 Jan Journal of Integrative Medicine He J, Tu X, Yin Z, Mu H, Luo M, Chen X, et al.
The combination of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapy with cupping and scraping using a medicated balm demonstrated superior effectiveness compared to NSAID therapy with topical plasters in reducing pain intensity, improving TCM symptoms, and enhancing quality of life for patients with CNLBP. Additionally, TCM plus physiotherapy exhibited more stable and long-lasting therapeutic effects without adverse reactions.
Randomised Controlled TrialFrequency-Specific Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Oscillations Associated With Pain Relief From Ankle Acupuncture in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain
2021 Dec 07 Frontiers in Neuroscience Xiang A, Chen M, Qin C, Rong J, Wang C, Shen X, et al.
Frequency-specific resting-state activity in the cerebellum and insular was correlated to ankle acupuncture stimulation (AAS) analgesia. Our frequency-specific analysis of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) may provide novel insights related to pain relief from acupuncture.
Randomised Controlled Trial AcupunctureEffect of Briefing on Acupuncture Treatment Outcome Expectations, Pain, and Adverse Side Effects Among Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial
2021 Sep 10 JAMA Oncology Barth J, Muff S, Kern A, et al.
Randomised Controlled Trial Back, Hip & Leg PainMulticentre randomised controlled clinical trial of electroacupuncture with usual care for patients with non-acute pain after back surgery
2021 Mar BJA Education Heo I, Shin BC, Cho JH, Ha IH, Hwang EH, Lee JH, et al.
In a multicenter, randomized, assessor-blinded active-controlled trial with 108 participants, those in the EA with UC group received EA and UC twice a week for 4 weeks, while the UC group received only UC. The primary outcome was the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain intensity score. Significant reductions were observed in both VAS and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores in the EA with UC group compared to the UC group. No meaningful differences were found in EuroQol-5-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D) scores and incidence of adverse events (AEs) between the groups. The study concludes that EA with UC treatment is more effective and relatively safe for non-acute LBP after back surgery, suggesting it as an integrated, conservative treatment option.
Randomised Controlled Trial ElectroacupunctureEffectiveness of Manual and Electrical Acupuncture for Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
2020 Jun Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies Josielli Comachio, Carla C. Oliveira, Ilton F.R. Silva, Mauricio O. Magalhães, Amélia P. Marques
The study provides evidence that electroacupuncture is not superior to manual acupuncture treatment. Both therapies had similar efficacy in reducing pain and disability for chronic nonspecific low back pain.
Randomised Controlled Trial Chronic PainStudy Protocols
Published study protocols are detailed plans that outline the objectives, methodology, statistical analyses, and organisation of a research study that have been made publicly available for others to review and use as a reference.
Presentation Slides
Systematic Review
Tuina therapy for chronic low back pain indicates potential pain relief and reduced disability but doesn't improve quality of life
Yang J, Zhou X, Ma Q, Woods JT, Mohabbat AB, Do A, Brault JS, Jensen MA, Shin KM, Shen L, Zhao C, Cheong KCP, He K, Guo Y, Chen Z, Tang S, Tang Y, Tan CIC, Chen J, Bauer BA
Systematic Review
Tuina massage for chronic low back pain reveals promising results amid methodological considerations
Yang J, Zhou X, Ma Q, Woods JT, Mohabbat AB, Do A, Brault JS, Jensen MA, Shin KM, Shen L, Zhao C, Cheong KCP, He K, Guo Y, Chen Z, Tang S, Tang Y, Tan CIC, Chen J, Bauer BA
Practice Guideline
Acupuncture is safe and may be a cost-effective treatment for shoulder pain.
Birch S, Lee MS, Kim TH, Alraek T
Systematic Review
Individualised acupuncture and standard acupuncture combined with TENS were the most effective protocols for the non-pharmacological management of chronic aspecific low back pain based on measures of pain and disability, compared to sham treatment.
Baroncini A, Maffulli N, Eschweiler J, Molsberger F, Klimuch A, Migliorini F
Systematic Review
Moderate-quality evidence revealed an association between acupressure and greater pain relief compared with physical therapy.
Tao Li , Xiaohui Li ,Fan Huang , Qiang Tian , Z. Y. Fan , and S. Wu
Systematic Review
The majority of studies concluded the superiority of short-term analgesic effects over various controls and suggested that acupuncture may be efficacious for chronic musculoskeletal pain.
Zhang YJ, Wang C
Review Article
Ginger, through various methods, exhibits promising pain reduction effects for conditions such as dysmenorrhea, muscle soreness, osteoarthritis, low back pain, and migraines.
Rondanelli M, Fossari F, Vecchio V, Gasparri C, Peroni G, Spadaccini D, Riva A, Petrangolini G, Iannello G, Nichetti M, Infantino V, Perna S
Systematic Review
There is moderate evidence of efficacy for acupuncture in terms of pain reduction immediately after treatment for non-specific low back pain ((sub)acute and chronic) when compared to sham or placebo acupuncture.
Xiang Y, He J, Tian H, Cao B, Li R.
Systematic Review
Cupping therapy has demonstrated notable effects in reducing chronic back pain in adults.
Moura, C. C., Chaves, É., Cardoso, A., Nogueira, D. A., Corrêa, H. P., & Chianca, T.
Randomised Controlled Trial
Acupuncture was a feasible intervention and reduced threatened miscarriage symptoms when compared to a touch intervention.
Betts D, Smith CA, Dahlen HG.
Systematic Review
There is moderate‐quality evidence from individual studies suggesting that acupuncture improved pelvic pain more than usual prenatal care.
Liddle SD, Pennick V
Systematic Review
Acupuncture, either used in isolation or as an adjunct to conventional therapy, provides short-term improvements in pain and function for chronic low back pain.
Liu L, Skinner M, McDonough S, Mabire L, Baxter GD.
Systematic Review
Acupuncture showed both clinically important changes and statistically significant results for management of low back and/or pelvic pain (LBPP) in pregnancy.
Close C, Sinclair M, Liddle SD, Madden E, McCullough JE, Hughes C.
Systematic Review
Acupuncture's efficacy in treating gynecologic and obstetric disorders
Selva Olid A, Martinez Zapata MJ, Sola I, Stojanovic Z, Uriona Tuma SM, Bonfill Cosp X.
Executive Summary
Write an executive summary in the form of a blog article on the topic of "Research into Chinese medicine treatment for Back Pain" summarising the research below and using language that can be easily understood by patients and avoiding medical jargon using a professional and caring tone of voice.
Write an executive summary in the form of a blog article on the topic of "Researched Chinese medicine treatments for Back Pain" summarising the research below in an objective and easy to understand way, and using language that can be easily understood by patients. Group the article into Chinese medicine treatments first, followed by nutrition and other treatments. Avoid using medical jargon and use a professional and caring tone of voice.
Write me a concise but easy to understand executive summary on the topic of "Chinese medicine treatments for Back Pain" based on the following research that I will give you. Your summary should be 2 paragraphs long in Australian English spelling and include references to the studies.
A Systematic Review published in 2023 in the journal Medicine found that Tuina therapy for chronic low back pain indicates potential pain relief and reduced disability but doesn't improve quality of life Tuina's efficacy and safety for chronic non-specific low back pain demonstrates its potential for reducing pain and physical disability but not improving quality of life; adverse events were mild and self-resolving, suggesting Tuina's relative safety.
A Systematic Review published in 2023 in the journal Medicine found that Tuina massage for chronic low back pain reveals promising results amid methodological considerations The study confirms the potential of Tuina in mitigating low back pain-related pain and physical disability, though not significantly impacting quality of life. Reported adverse events, such as localized bruising and pain, were transient and self-resolving, indicating Tuina's relatively safe nature.
A Practice Guideline published in 2022 in the journal Perspectives on Integrative Medicine found that Acupuncture is safe and may be a cost-effective treatment for shoulder pain. There were 131 statements recommending the use of acupuncture for shoulder pain across 12 subtypes of shoulder pain. The most common statements were for non-specific ‘shoulder pain.’ There were 11 statements against the use of acupuncture for shoulder pain and three subtypes of shoulder pain. The level of evidence in studies of acupuncture treatment for shoulder pain is low, therefore, further research is needed. Recommendations for the use of acupuncture for shoulder pain are increasing but lag behind those for other pain problems such as low back pain.
A Systematic Review published in 2022 in the journal Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research found that Individualised acupuncture and standard acupuncture combined with TENS were the most effective protocols for the non-pharmacological management of chronic aspecific low back pain based on measures of pain and disability, compared to sham treatment. The results of this Bayesian network meta-analysis show that individualised acupuncture and standard acupuncture combined with Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) are the most effective protocols for the non-pharmacological management of chronic aspecific low back pain (LBP), with the highest improvement in pain and quality of life compared to sham treatment.
A Systematic Review published in 2021 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Moderate-quality evidence revealed an association between acupressure and greater pain relief compared with physical therapy. The systematic review and meta-analysis included 23 RCTs with 2400 participants with low back pain. Consistent with previous systematic reviews, moderate-quality evidence revealed an association between acupressure and greater pain relief compared with physical therapy. Although rated as very-low to low, poor quality evidence suggested that acupressure, with or without combinative acupuncture therapy, contributed to a greater amelioration of pain and functional disability from low back pain compared with usual care, tuina massage, or acupuncture. Trial sequential analysis results revealed that adequate studies supported the significance of the clinical response rate of acupressure, with or without combinative acupuncture therapy, compared to other treatments.
A Systematic Review published in 2020 in the journal Current Rheumatology Reports found that The majority of studies concluded the superiority of short-term analgesic effects over various controls and suggested that acupuncture may be efficacious for chronic musculoskeletal pain. We examined 16 review articles and 11 randomized controlled trials published in the last 5 years on the clinical efficacy of acupuncture in adults with CMP conditions. The available evidence suggests that acupuncture does have short-term pain relief benefits for patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain and is a safe and reasonable referral option. Acupuncture may also have a beneficial role for fibromyalgia. However, the available evidence does not support the use of acupuncture for treating hip osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
A Review Article published in 2020 in the journal Phytotherapy Research found that Ginger, through various methods, exhibits promising pain reduction effects for conditions such as dysmenorrhea, muscle soreness, osteoarthritis, low back pain, and migraines. The review incorporates a vast range of randomized controlled trials conducted over the past decade, where ginger was mainly used for pain relief in distinct conditions. The conditions included dysmenorrhea, delayed onset muscle soreness, osteoarthritis, chronic low back pain, and migraines. The variety of methods used included oral administration, topical application, and aromatic oil massages. In the analysed trials, for dysmenorrhea and muscle soreness, the considered studies suggested a promising effect after both oral and topical administration of ginger. As for osteoarthritis, most trials demonstrated pain reduction following topical and oral use of ginger, one focused on the beneficial effects of ginger in relieving migraine pain. Last but not least, a trial involving massages with aromatic ginger oil highlighted its potential in reducing chronic low back pain.
A Systematic Review published in 2019 in the journal Acupuncture in Medicine found that There is moderate evidence of efficacy for acupuncture in terms of pain reduction immediately after treatment for non-specific low back pain ((sub)acute and chronic) when compared to sham or placebo acupuncture. 14 trials (2110 participants) were included in the review, and 9 were included in the meta-analysis. Immediately after the acupuncture treatment we found statistically significant differences in pain reduction between acupuncture and sham or placebo therapy, but there were no differences in function. At follow-up, there were significant differences in pain reduction, but not in function. We conducted subgroup analyses both immediately after treatment and at follow-up.
A Systematic Review published in 2018 in the journal Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem found that Cupping therapy has demonstrated notable effects in reducing chronic back pain in adults. The systematic review and meta-analysis involved two independent researchers who examined national and international databases. They also explored the reference lists of additional systematic reviews. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Jadad scale, a globally recognized tool assessing the methodological quality of clinical trials. Extracting 16 studies for qualitative review and 10 for quantitative analysis, the research found positive impacts of cupping therapy on chronic back pain in adults. It was noted that there isn't a standardized protocol for treatment with this therapy. The study mainly evaluated outcomes based on factors such as pain intensity, physical incapacity, the quality of life, and the nociceptive threshold before the application of mechanical stimulus. A noteworthy reduction in pain intensity was seen through the use of cupping therapy.
A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2016 in the journal BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth found that Acupuncture was a feasible intervention and reduced threatened miscarriage symptoms when compared to a touch intervention. Threatened miscarriage is a common complication of early pregnancy increasing the risk of miscarriage or premature labour. Currently there is limited evidence to recommend any biomedical pharmacological or self-care management, resulting in a ‘watchful waiting’ approach. The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of offering acupuncture as a therapeutic treatment for women presenting with threatened miscarriage. Acupuncture was a feasible intervention and reduced threatened miscarriage symptoms when compared to a touch intervention. Further research is required to further explore acupuncture use for this common complication and whether it can reduce the incidence of miscarriage.
A Systematic Review published in 2015 in the journal Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews found that There is moderate‐quality evidence from individual studies suggesting that acupuncture improved pelvic pain more than usual prenatal care. The evidence is current to 19 January 2015. We included 34 randomised studies in this updated review, with 5121 pregnant women, aged 16 to 45 years. Women were from 12 to 38 weeks’ pregnant. Studies looked at different treatments for pregnant women with low‐back pain, pelvic pain or both types of pain. All treatments were added to usual prenatal care, and were compared with usual prenatal care alone in 23 studies. Studies measured women's symptoms in different ways, ranging from self‐reported pain and sick leave to the results of specific tests.
A Systematic Review published in 2015 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Acupuncture, either used in isolation or as an adjunct to conventional therapy, provides short-term improvements in pain and function for chronic low back pain. Sixteen systematic reviews were appraised. Overall, the methodological quality was low and external validity weak. For acute LBP, evidence that acupuncture has a more favorable effect than sham acupuncture in relieving pain was inconsistent; it had a similar effect on improving function. For chronic LBP, evidence consistently demonstrated that acupuncture provides short-term clinically relevant benefits for pain relief and functional improvement compared with no treatment or acupuncture plus another conventional intervention.
A Systematic Review published in 2014 in the journal Journal of Advanced Nursing found that Acupuncture showed both clinically important changes and statistically significant results for management of low back and/or pelvic pain (LBPP) in pregnancy. Eight studies were selected for full review. Two acupuncture studies with low risk of bias showed both clinically important changes and statistically significant results. There was evidence of effectiveness for osteopathy and chiropractic. However, osteopathy and chiropractic studies scored high for risk of bias. Strength of the evidence across studies was very low.
A Systematic Review published in 2013 in the journal Medical Acupuncture found that Acupuncture's efficacy in treating gynecologic and obstetric disorders This comprehensive review evaluates acupuncture's efficacy and safety in treating gynecologic and obstetric disorders. Examining systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials, the study addresses conditions like pregnancy-related pelvic and low-back pain, labor pain, primary dysmenorrhea, and menopausal symptoms. The results are inconclusive, with some evidence supporting acupuncture's potential in reducing pelvic and back pain during pregnancy and alleviating climacteric vasomotor symptoms. However, more rigorous research is necessary for definitive conclusions. Adverse effects were minimal. The review emphasizes the need for well-designed studies to enhance the precision and reliability of findings regarding acupuncture's therapeutic benefits in these disorders.
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This is a placebo study that showed pain intensity after treatment was not significantly influenced by pretreatment briefing on effectiveness or adverse side effect briefings. —Jinnan C 15 Sep 2021