This article contains findings obtained from research on animals:
- The results from animal research studies should not be directly applied to humans and the results may not generalise to the human population.
- There may be significant differences between species in terms of physiology, physiology, and pharmacology, as well as differences in the way diseases and treatments are modelled in animals.
- Any conclusions drawn from animal research should be considered with caution and in the context of other types of research studies such as observational studies, clinical trials, and reviews of the literature.
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Cinnamon, ginger, and mint enhanced chocolates effectively reduce menstrual pain and improve blood iron levels without increasing body weight or negatively affecting cholesterol.
2023 Journal of Food and Dairy Sciences Manufacture and Evaluation of Novel Chocolate for Girls' Dysmenorrhea Shalaby, A, Moawad O, Mostafa M
Randomised Controlled Trial Chinese Cinnamon Cinnamon Dark Chocolate
The methodology of the study involved a sample of 48 female student volunteers, aged 18-25, from Mansoura University who were experiencing dysmenorrhea. These volunteers were divided into eight groups of six and each group was given a different type of chocolate: regular chocolate, chocolate without herbal powder, chocolate with cinnamon powder, chocolate with cinnamon oil, chocolate with ginger powder, chocolate with ginger oil, chocolate with mint powder, and chocolate with mint oil.
Discussion of the results demonstrated that the consumption of chocolates supplemented with cinnamon, ginger, and mint powders and their respective essential oils led to a significant improvement in participants' hemoglobin scores compared to a control group which consumed normal chocolate. Furthermore, it was found that these chocolates had a positive influence on serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein scores. Importantly, chocolate consumption did not lead to an increase in the participants' body mass index, proving that these chocolate variants could reduce menstrual pain and lift blood iron levels without instigating weight gain or having adverse effects on cholesterol levels.
Cinnamon is a safe therapeutic agent without significant adverse effects based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
2022 Frontiers in Pharmacology Safety of Cinnamon: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews of Randomized Clinical Trials Gu DT, Tung TH, Jiesisibieke ZL, Chien CW, Liu WY
Meta-Analysis Chinese Cinnamon
The researchers conducted a thorough search of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library, identifying relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses on human subjects' cinnamon safety. The search consisted of articles up to September 2021, with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines followed for comprehensive reporting and transparency. The reliability of these studies' methodology was determined using methodological quality standards.
The review included three meta-analyses and one systematic review, with two of the four classified as moderate quality, and the others as low quality. Generally, the academic studies found no significant harmful effects compared to a placebo, regardless of the dose or length of therapy. The findings suggest that humans well tolerate cinnamon, as no adverse reactions were observed in the study subjects. This evidence confirms the safety of cinnamon consumption, potentially providing health benefits as auxiliary treatment without significant risk of harm.
Cinnamomum cassia, or cinnamon, exhibits promising therapeutic benefits in combating gastritis by targeting inflammation pathways, according to preclinical studies.
2021 Applied Biological Chemistry Potential and beneficial effects of Cinnamomum cassia on gastritis and safety: Literature review and analysis of standard extract Lee JH, Park DH, Lee S, Seo HJ, Park SJ, Jung K, et al.
Review Article Chinese Cinnamon Gastritis
This study is a systematic review of 20 studies evaluating the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of C. cassia in treating gastritis. Focusing on the main active compound of C. cassia, cinnamaldehyde, the research was centered around its influence on inflammation pathways. Furthermore, different methodologies were used to induce gastric ulcers, including stress, alcohol, excessive acidity, and the prolonged usage of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
The result discussion highlights the success C. cassia extract demonstrated in protecting against gastritis. Key findings stemmed from preclinical tests, with predominantly animal models, including Beagle dogs and rats. The ingestion of standardized C. cassia extracts showed positive effects with no toxicity, asserting the effectiveness and safety of this natural remedy in managing gastritis.
Cinnamon supplementation can improve blood pressure by a modest degree.
2020 Clinical Nutrition ESPEN The effect of cinnamon supplementation on blood pressure in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Hadi A, Campbell MS, Hassani B, Pourmasoumi M, Salehi-sahlabadi A, Hosseini SA
Systematic Review Chinese Cinnamon High Blood Pressure
Meta-analysis of 9 RCTs with 641 participants showed significant reductions in both systolic (WMD: −5.17 mmHg, 95% CI: −9.35 to −0.99, P = 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (WMD: −3.36 mmHg, 95% CI: −5.67 to −1.04, P ≤ 0.001) after cinnamon supplementation. Subgroup analyses indicated that these results were significant only when cinnamon was administered at the dosages of ≤2 g/day, for a period longer than 8 weeks, and in participants with a baseline BMI of ≥30 kg/m2.
Cinnamon supplementation significantly decreases inflammation and oxidative stress levels, serving as a potential additive for cardiometabolic health improvement.
2020 Complementary Therapies in Medicine Impact of Cinnamon Supplementation on cardiometabolic Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Zhu, Changyou; Yan, Hongmei; Yin, Zheng; Santos, Heitor O; Melahat Sedanur Macit; et al
Systematic Review Anti-Inflammatory Antioxidant Chinese Cinnamon
The systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. A comprehensive search for appropriate clinical trials was performed across multiple databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar until January 2020. After duplicates were removed, 1145 studies were found eligible and 12 studies were finally included in the meta-analysis, investigating the impact of cinnamon supplementation dosages ranging between 1.5 to 4 grams per day.
The results of the meta-analysis revealed that cinnamon supplementation led to a significant reduction in inflammation markers, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, alongside a decrease in malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress marker. Concurrently, an increase was observed in the total antioxidant capacity following the supplementation, implying an enhancement in the body's defensive ability against oxidative damage. Nevertheless, no significant change was identified in the levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 after the cinnamon supplementation.
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