This article contains findings obtained from research on animals:
- The results from animal research studies should not be directly applied to humans and the results may not generalise to the human population.
- There may be significant differences between species in terms of physiology, physiology, and pharmacology, as well as differences in the way diseases and treatments are modelled in animals.
- Any conclusions drawn from animal research should be considered with caution and in the context of other types of research studies such as observational studies, clinical trials, and reviews of the literature.
Insights & Discussion
A combination of extracts from chrysanthemum were found to be more effective in treating hyperuricemia and potentially developing anti-hyperuricemic functional foods.
The methodology used in this study involved treating human liver cancer cells, mouse renal proximal tubule cells and hyperuricemic mice with uric acid extracted from two different plants, specifically L. (Ci) and Siebold and Zucc. (Co). It was found that the extracts from these two plants, both individually and in combination, suppressed the activity of certain enzymes involved in uric acid metabolism and influenced the expression of corresponding proteins.
In discussing the results, the study identified that the combined effect of these two extracts was significantly stronger in suppressing uric acid accumulation compared to using each extract on its own. This was evidenced by an increased excretion of waste products associated with uric acid metabolism when using the combination of Ci and Co. There was also a decrease in the expression of certain proteins that facilitate uric acid accumulation. Therefore, the data suggests that a mixture of Ci and Co extracts could be effective in developing functional foods to combat hyperuricemia.
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A daily dose of Chrysanthemum flower extract was found to significantly reduce serum uric acid levels, potentially improving hyperuricemia.
2022 Functional Foods in Health and Disease Effects of luteolin-rich chrysanthemum flower extract on purine base absorption and blood uric acid in Japanese subjects Takara T, Yamamoto K, Suzuki N, Yamashita S, Iio S, Kakinuma T, et al.
Randomised Controlled Trial Chrysanthemum Luteolin Uric Acid
In the methodology, two studies were conducted where 44 healthy Japanese men and women with slightly elevated serum uric acid levels were split into two groups, active and placebo, using a randomized computerized system. The active group received 100mg of Chrysanthemum flower extract containing 1mg of luteolin. In the first study, purine naturally found in food was ingested alongside the flower extract, and the participants' serum uric acid levels were measured over time. In the second study, the extract or a placebo was taken daily over 12 weeks. Changes in uric acid levels were the primary outcome, and blood, urine, and body parameters were checked to confirm the safety of the extract.
For the results, in the first study, there were no significant differences found in serum uric acid levels between the group that consumed the extract and the placebo group following a purine-rich meal. However, in the second study spanning 12 weeks, the group that took the Chrysanthemum flower extract had significantly lower uric acid levels than the placebo group. Safety tests showed no adverse effects from taking the extract.
Luteolin, found in chrysanthemum flower extract, can potentially reduce serum uric acid levels, suggesting it may help prevent gout.
2017 Integrative Molecular Medicine Luteolin-rich chrysanthemum flower extract suppresses baseline serum uric acid in Japanese subjects with mild hyperuricemia Hirano M, Takeda S, Hitoe S, Shimoda H
Randomised Controlled Trial Chrysanthemum Gout Luteolin
The research involved two double-blind placebo-controlled studies examining the impacts of chrysanthemum flower extract enriched with luteolin on serum uric acid levels. In a single-dose study, fasting participants consumed a capsule loaded with the luteolin-rich extract before partaking in a high purine meal, with uric acid levels evaluated over time. The second study involved repeated consumption of the capsule over a 4-week period, with fasting serum uric acid measured before and after consumption.
The research found that although luteolin did not significantly affect uric acid levels immediately after consumption, there was an observed decrease in these levels following four weeks of continued ingestion. Most notably, subjects with a baseline uric acid level between 5.5 to 7.0 mg/dL saw a significant reduction after they consumed chrysanthemum flower extract. The trial also established that no adverse effects resulted from the ingestion of the extract.
A mixture of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne flower and Cinnamomum cassia significantly mitigates hyperuricemia in rats by inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity and enhancing uric acid excretion.
2017 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Synergistic Uric Acid-Lowering Effects of the Combination of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne Flower and Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Persl Bark Extracts Lee YS, Son E, Kim SH, Lee YM, Kim OS, Kim DS
Network Pharmacology Chrysanthemum Gout Uric Acid
In this experiment, the authors evaluated the impact of a combined extract from Chrysanthemum indicum Linne flower (CF) and Cinnamomum cassia (CB) on hyperuricemia, a condition associated with excessive uric acid in the bloodstream. The study was conducted on both normal and hyperuricemic rats induced by potassium oxonate. Uric acid levels and renal excretion were primarily measured to analyse the potential antihyperuricemic properties of the CF and CB mix.
From the experiment, it was found that the CF and CB blend led to a significant reduction in uric acid levels in both normal and hyperuricemic rats, with the effect being stronger compared to either CF or CB in isolation. Additionally, the mixture caused an increase in uric acid elimination through the kidneys in the hyperuricemic rats, pointing to its potential antihyperuricemic action. It was also discovered that the mixture and its primary components, namely, chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid, coumarin, cinnamaldehyde, trans-cinnamic acid, and o-methoxycinnamaldehyde, mitigated the action of xanthine oxidase (an enzyme that accelerates uric acid production) in vitro. This partial xanthine oxidase inhibition sheds light on the underlying mechanism of the antihyperuricemic effect by the CF and CB mixture.
Chrysanthemum flower oil significantly reduces diet-induced elevation of serum uric acid in Japanese males with high baseline levels.
2015 Nutrafoods Chrysanthemum flower oil inhibits diet-induced serum uric acid elevation in adult male subjects Ueda T, Honda S, Morikawa H, Kitamura S, Iwama Y, Nakagawa K
Randomised Controlled Trial Chrysanthemum Gout Uric Acid
In the study, a randomised, double-blind, cross-over comparison method was employed. Twenty male individuals from Japan were selected and segregated into two groups, one of which received the chrysanthemum flower oil, while the other group was given a placebo. Blood and urine samples were systematically collected from these individuals and meticulously analyzed with a focus on levels of serum uric acid.
The analysis of these samples divulged some noteworthy findings. There was no observed suppression of the diet-induced serum uric acid elevation in those subjects whose baseline serum uric acid values ranged betwixt 5.5 and 8.0 mg/dl when given the chrysanthemum flower oil. However, for those subjects with a baseline serum uric acid level of 7.1 mg/dl or greater, the application of this oil significantly reduced this elevation. Based on these findings, it was concluded that chrysanthemum flower oil indeed has an effective role in reducing uric acid elevation, specifically for Japanese male subjects belonging to the higher baseline bracket.
Chrysanthemum flower oil can effectively decrease uric acid levels in rats, by reducing production in the liver and enhancing excretion from the kidney.
2014 Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry Administered chrysanthemum flower oil attenuates hyperuricemia: mechanism of action as revealed by DNA microarray analysis Honda S, Kawamoto S, Tanaka H, Kishida H, Kitagawa M, Nakai Y, et al.
Network Pharmacology Chrysanthemum Gout Uric Acid
In this study, the researchers developed a hyperuricemia model by feeding rats a specific chrysanthemum flower oil enriched diet. Hyperuricemia is a condition of elevated uric acid levels which the team sought to decrease. Chrysanthemum flower oil was chosen due to its polyphenol content, substances known to have positive health benefits. By administering this oil orally to rats on this diet, they were able to monitor its impact on the rats' serum uric acid levels.
The results showed that the chrysanthemum oil had a significant impact on controlling and reducing uric acid levels. This was achieved through two primary mechanisms. Firstly, there was a demonstrated inhibition of xanthine oxidase activities in the liver. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the conversion process that leads to the creation of uric acid. Secondly, the oil increased uric acid levels in the urine, suggesting greater excretion of it. This was further confirmed by the up-regulation of uric acid transporter genes in the rats' kidneys, which enhances the excretion process.
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