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Chrysanthemum morifolium contains natural bioactive compounds, including 29 types of phenolics, which display significant antioxidant activity.
The study determined the antioxidant properties of Chrysanthemum morifolium by using methanol and ethyl acetate as solvents to extract and then analyse the plant's phenolic profile. The antioxidant activity was assessed with three separate in vitro tests: a reducing power assay, a Phosphomolybdenum antioxidative power assay, and the testing of inhibition of free radical 1,1-di phenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl. The content of total phenolics and total flavonoids was measured using the Folin Ciocalteu reagent, yielding a range of values.
In relation to the results, it was established that the examined plant was a significant source of bioactive compounds with notable antioxidant properties. A total of 29 phenolics, divided into 15 phenolic acids and 14 flavonoids were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Ellagic acid was the most present phenolic in the methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of green aerial parts. Meanwhile, Hesperidin was the most common flavonoid in the flower methanol extract. The ethyl acetate fraction from the flowers showed the highest efficiency in all tested antioxidant methods, indicating that different parts of the plant can vary in their antioxidant potential.
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Chrysanthemum extract can be utilised as a natural ingredient to lessen post-meal cholesterol levels and enhance antioxidant status, after eating a high-fat meal.
2023 Molecules Analysis of Chemical Constituents of Chrysanthemum morifolium Extract and Its Effect on Postprandial Lipid Metabolism in Healthy Adults Chen L, Sun J, Pan Z, Lu Y, Wang Z, Yang L, et al.
Clinical Study Antioxidant Cholesterol Chrysanthemum
The researchers analyzed the composition of two types of Imperial Chrysanthemum (IC) extracts, specifically IC-P and IC-E, using an Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) method. Next, they assessed these extracts' in vitro antioxidant activities using three different radical scavenging assays: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydraxyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and Hydroxyl Radical(HR). A group of 37 adults followed a randomized program and were divided into two: one consuming a high-fat (HF) meal alone and the other having the same meal but supplemented with IC extract. Blood samples from participants were taken at a fasting state and several more times up to 8 hours after the meal.
The study found 12 compounds, including amino acids, flavonoids, and carboxylic acids, making up over 1% of the IC extracts. Compared to IC-E, IC-P exhibited significantly higher flavonoid content and strong free radical scavenging activity. Chrysanthemum consumption showed significant differences in post-meal glucose levels, triglycerides, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, with the IC-P supplement group showing lower postprandial glucose and improved serum antioxidant status.
The compound (Z)-5’-Hydroxyjasmone 5’-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside from chrysanthemum flowers demonstrated superior antioxidant and anti-osteoporosis effects.
2023 Journal of Science and Technology - HaUI Investigate the antioxidant and anti-osteoporosis activities of compounds isolated from chrysanthemum indicum flowers Le The Hoai, Nguyen Thi Huong, Bui Thi Thu Trang
Experimental Study Antioxidant Chrysanthemum Osteoporosis
The research involved isolating five compounds from Chrysanthemum indicum L flowers: Syringin, Dihydrosyringin, Benzyl-O-β-D- glucopyranoside, -Phenylethoxy-O--D-glucopyranoside, and (Z)-5’-Hydroxyjasmone 5’-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside. The identification and structure determination of these compounds were performed via the interpretation of their 1D - NMR spectra and comparison to established literature. The collected compounds were then assessed for their antioxidative and anti-osteoporosis activities.
During the analysis of results, it was observed that the compound (Z)-5’-Hydroxyjasmone 5’-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside exhibited significantly higher antioxidant activity and anti-osteoporosis effects compared to the others. It showed a strong capacity for peroxyl radical scavenging, surpassing the protection offered by the standard Trolox. Dihydrosyringin also demonstrated a good reducing capacity, as indicated by its CUPRAC values. Furthermore, (Z)-5’-Hydroxyjasmone 5’-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside displayed strong inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation, indicating its potential as an anti-osteoporosis agent.
The Jing Si Herbal Drink, composed of various antiviral, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory herbs, has been confirmed as potentially effective in treating COVID-19 symptoms.
2022 Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine Jing Si Herbal Drink as a prospective adjunctive therapy for COVID-19 treatment: Molecular evidence and mechanisms Lu PH, Tseng CW, Lee JL, Lee EY, Lin YP, Lin IH, et al.
Review Article Ai Ye Anti-Inflammatory Antioxidant
The methodology incorporated in this study involves analyzing the efficacy of the component herbs present in Jing Si Herbal Drink (JSHD). This was done through in vivo and in vitro testing to understand their potential in treating COVID-19. JSHD comprises a combination of 5 antiviral, 7 antioxidant, 7 anti-inflammatory herbs. Furthermore, it includes 2 herbs that inhibit the overactive immune system, one herb that reduces cell apoptosis, and another with antithrombotic ability. These constituent herbs were evaluated for their impact on the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
Discussion of the results showed that the ingredients in JSHD have demonstrated potential effectiveness against COVID-19. The active ingredients in the drink were effective in providing symptomatic relief for infected patients. The antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory herbs, along with those altering immune response, inhibiting cellular apoptosis and providing antithrombotic capacity, were all found beneficial against the disease. Thus, JSHD holds promise as a useful adjuvant or supplementary treatment in handling COVID-19.
Chrysanthemums, popular floricultural crops, not only hold significant ornamental value but also exhibit various therapeutic potentials including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities.
2022 South African Journal of Botany Chrysanthemum, an ornamental genus with considerable medicinal value: A comprehensive review Hadizadeh H, Samiei L, Shakeri A
Review Article Anti-Inflammatory Anticancer Antimicrobial
The method involved in this research aimed at studying the genus Chrysanthemum through a decade-long review (2010-2020) of scientific evidence, focusing on its therapeutic potential, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities. Various phytochemical compounds including flavonoids, terpenoids, polysaccharides, and unsaturated fatty acids, which are present in the genus Chrysanthemum, were identified. In addition, the taxonomy, distribution, horticultural, and traditional uses of the genus were also studied.
The results demonstrated that Chrysanthemum species show numerous potential medicinal benefits, ranging from antioxidant to antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-allergic, anti-obesity, immune regulation, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities. The research also underlined the opportunity of medicinal exploitation of the genus Chrysanthemum, given the extreme popularity of these plants and the wide range of phytochemical compounds they contain. The ornamental, medicinal, environmental, and industrial values of these plants further establish them as leading floricultural crops.
Chrysanthemum, a traditional Chinese medicine, shows significant antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effects, making it a potential resource for functional foods and medicinal materials.
2021 Chemistry & Biodiversity Comparison of Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Different Varieties of Chrysanthemum Flos in China Chen L, Liu Y, Huang X, Zhu Y, Li J, Miao Y, et al.
Experimental Study Antioxidant Chrysanthemum Hepatoprotective
A comprehensive evaluation of 25 common chrysanthemum varieties in China was carried out for their chemical constituents, antioxidant activity, and hepatoprotective effects. Initially, the water extracts from chrysanthemums were analysed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and 29 chemical components were identified. It was observed that chrysanthemums were rich in chemical constituents with significant differences in the contents of phenolic acids and flavonoids among the varieties.
Afterwards, the antioxidant activities of different chrysanthemums were investigated through different assays. The relationships between nine main components and antioxidant activities were examined to identify the antioxidant constitutes in chrysanthemums. The study also examined the capacity for each cultivar to protect against cell damage, with certain cultivars standing out with higher efficacy.
The hepatoprotective effects of eight mainstream varieties were determined using a model of acute alcoholic liver injury. The chrysanthemums were found to protect the liver from injury by impacting relevant liver function and antioxidant indexes. Selected varieties could decrease certain liver activities, while others significantly decreased harmful content in liver tissue, showing significant antioxidant capacity.
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