Inflammation

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• Definition
• Introduction
• Signs & Symptoms
• Research Summary

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Executive Summary

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Write an executive summary in the form of a blog article on the topic of "Research into Chinese medicine treatment for Inflammation" summarising the research below and using language that can be easily understood by patients and avoiding medical jargon using a professional and caring tone of voice.

Write an executive summary in the form of a blog article on the topic of "Researched Chinese medicine treatments for Inflammation" summarising the research below in an objective and easy to understand way, and using language that can be easily understood by patients. Group the article into Chinese medicine treatments first, followed by nutrition and other treatments. Avoid using medical jargon and use a professional and caring tone of voice.

Write me a concise but easy to understand executive summary on the topic of "Chinese medicine treatments for Inflammation" based on the following research that I will give you. Your summary should be 2 paragraphs long in Australian English spelling and include references to the studies.

A Cohort Study published in 2023 in the journal Nutrients found that Long-term consumption of green tea can potentially lessen the risk of depression in postmenopausal women by decreasing inflammation and boosting estradiol levels. In the study, researchers performed an analysis on a tea-producing village, incorporating 386 postmenopausal women in the investigation, who participated either as green tea consumers or non-drinkers (control group). The level of estradiol, inflammation markers, sleep quality, and depression symptoms were measured to uncover any correlations. The results reflected significant disparities between the tea-drinking and control groups in terms of depression and insomnia levels, BMI, inflammation levels, and estradiol quantities. By appraising these outcomes, it was found that green tea intake could quell the likelihood of depression via its impact on sleep, inflammation, and estradiol levels. The risk of depression was consequently seen as reduced among postmenopausal women engaging in regular consumption of green tea.

A Systematic Review published in 2023 in the journal Phytotherapy Research found that Peppermint, particularly its component menthol, has been indicated to possess anti-inflammatory properties, potentially improving management of chronic disorders like diabetes and cancer. Researchers searched four databases (Web of Sciences, PubMed, Scopus, and Embase) to identify articles relevant to peppermint and its anti-inflammatory effects. The search, conducted up to March 2023, led to the screening of 3805 records. From these, 14 articles were selected that met the study requirements. This extensive search and selection process aimed to cover as broad a range of reputable sources as possible, providing a holistic view of existing research on peppermint's potential anti-inflammatory capabilities. In these studies, peppermint showed potential as an anti-inflammatory agent. Its hypothetical mechanism of action includes the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase/unc-51 like kinase 1/nuclear factor-E2 associated factor 2 autophagy pathway. Concurrently, it might downregulate extracellular signal-regulated kinase-nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways, thereby enabling inflammation suppression. Other likely pathways include attenuating oxidative stress and inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and nitric oxide. Additionally, it may induce the production of anti-inflammatory prostaglandins. These combined pathways potentially lead to the overall reduction of inflammation. However, more human studies are required to confirm these beneficial effects.

A Clinical Study published in 2023 in the journal The Journal of Nutrition found that A lower dose of iron amino acid chelate was not as effective as the standard iron salts dose in increasing ferritin levels in a predominantly iron-replete female Cambodian population. The research used a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled noninferiority trial conducted in Cambodia. Participating nonpregnant women, aged 18-45, were randomly assigned either 60mg ferrous sulfate, 18mg ferrous bisglycinate or a placebo for 12 weeks. Baseline and 12-week post blood and fecal samples were collected from the participants and used to measure ferritin and fecal calprotectin levels as well as to detect the presence of enteropathogens. The study found that mean ferritin concentration was higher at 12 weeks in those receiving ferrous sulfate dose compared to those receiving a lower dose of ferrous bisglycinate and a placebo. No significant changes were observed across the groups in terms of fecal calprotectin concentrations or detection of enteropathogens. Therefore, it was concluded that the 18mg dose of ferrous bisglycinate was not as effective as the 60mg ferrous sulfate dose in increasing ferritin concentrations.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2023 in the journal Complementary Therapies in Medicine found that Pomegranate juice consumption appears to somewhat enhance inflammatory status and complete blood count in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The study was a randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled trial involving 48 patients and had two parallel arms. As part of their standard hospital care, patients were either given 500 mL of whole pomegranate juice daily or a placebo for a period of 14 days. The researchers focused on measuring inflammatory indicators and complete blood counts both at the start of the study and at the end of the 14-day intervention period. Following the 14-day intervention, there was a distinguishable decrease in primary outcomes including inflammatory markers such as C reactive protein, interleukin-6, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the group that consumed pomegranate juice as compared to the readings before the intervention. In addition, considerable changes were also observed in secondary outcomes such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, platelets-to-lymphocyte and neutrophils-to-lymphocyte ratios in the pomegranate juice group compared to the parameters before the intervention. Finally, the mean changes in levels of interleukin-6, white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocyte, platelets, platelets-to-lymphocyte ratio, blood oxygen saturation and MCV were significantly different between the two groups by the end of intervention, while no significant difference was noted in other blood indices.

A Experimental Study published in 2023 in the journal Phytomedicine found that The Chinese herbal medicine Bujing Yishi tablets could alleviate photoreceptor degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa by inhibiting microglial over-activation and inflammation. This experiment began with the creation of a rat model for retinitis pigmentosa through intraperitoneal injection of N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea. After the rats developed retinal degeneration, they were treated with Bujing Yishi tablets. To confirm the impact of these tablets on the rat model, the researchers conducted several tests, including examination of the retinal cytokine levels and expression of IBA-1 in microglia. This let them monitor the apoptotic cells, ONL thickness, retinal morphology, and photoreceptor degeneration. They further used western blot, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels involved in the P2X7R/CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway. Following the treatment of the rats with Bujing Yishi tablets, there was significant relief in the morphological structure deterioration of the retinas and the photoreceptor degeneration. The herbal tablets also reduced the number of apoptotic cells in the ONL and prevented the thinning of the ONL, pointing to their effectiveness in retinal preservation. Additionally, the tablets lowered the level of over-activated microglia and decreased retinal levels of inflammatory markers. Bujing Yishi tablets were also observed to decrease the protein and mRNA expression of P2X7, CX3CL1, and CX3CR1, further exhibiting their mechanism of retinal preservation through influence on the P2X7R/CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway.

A published in 2023 in the journal Journal of Clinical Medicine found that Rheumatoid arthritis-specific inflammation can be linked directly to the intestinal microbiota, thus, nutritional interventions against gut dysbiosis could function as a causal therapeutic approach. The study initiated by reducing the intestinal microbiome in 20 Rheumatoid Arthritis patients through bowel cleansing and a week of fasting, limiting the intake to 250 kcal/day. It also employed immune monitoring and sequencing of the microbiome. A control group constituting patients with metabolic syndrome was incorporated to serve as a non-inflammatory baseline. To understand the fluctuation and impact on disease activity, disease activity scores were calculated and cytometric profiling was performed, tracing up to 46 different surface markers. Additionally, serum levels of certain cytokines and indicators of mucosal barrier disruption were monitored. The change in intestinal microbiota, i.e., the effect of fasting on arthritogenic bacteria and the shift in microbial composition, was analyzed using sequencing. The detection of more eukaryotic, predominantly fungal colonizers in RA patients was also observed to understand their potential involvement. Finally, the study investigated the observed increase in endogenous cortisol levels during fasting.

A Review Article published in 2023 in the journal Frontiers in Nutrition found that Sardines, being an affordable source of Omega-3 and other cardioprotective nutrients, can potentially reduce the need for Omega-3 supplementation and manage cardiometabolic diseases. The abstract primarily acknowledges the importance of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with respect to managing diseases related to heart health and metabolism, for instance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hypertriglyceridaemia, and fatty liver disease. However, these fatty acids are not the sole beneficial component of sardines. Minerals including but not limited to calcium, potassium, and magnesium as well as substances like taurine and arginine found in sardines have a significant role in controlling mild inflammation and oxidative stress which are usually present in cardiovascular diseases and hemodynamic dysfunction. The results discussed in the abstract suggest a positive correlation between consumption of sardines and potential cardiometabolic benefits. By considering the dose-response relationship effects, a pragmatic approach towards consumption of nutrients was suggested. The intake of sardines was seen not only as a means of Omega-3 supplementation but also as a comprehensive approach to enhancing cardiovascular health. The abstract concludes with an emphasis on the many beneficial nutrients found in sardines besides Omega-3, underlining the need to shift the focus from synthetic supplementation to natural dietary improvement.

A Review Article published in 2023 in the journal Nutrients found that Vitamin D deficiency could accelerate depressive symptoms and suicide risks, and vitamin D supplementation may mitigate these effects. The paper examines the links between vitamin D deficiency, depression, and suicide from various studies. It hypothesizes that vitamin D could enhance serotonin synthesis and modulate proinflammatory cytokines, both factors in depression and suicide. The paper reviews this hypothesis in the context of the broader health issue of suicide, which is among the leading causes of death worldwide. This paper then discusses the potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation. Drawing upon indirect evidence suggesting that vitamin D deficiencies may be a risk factor for depression—one of the most common factors in suicide attempts—the paper postulates that vitamin D supplementation could play a role in helping to reduce the risk of depression and thus suicide. The beneficial mechanisms of vitamin D, such as enhancing serotonin synthesis and modulating proinflammatory cytokines, which are associated with depression and suicide, stand as the central contributing factors in this hypothesis.

A Systematic Review published in 2023 in the journal Complementary Therapies in Medicine found that Almond consumption can significantly reduce the serum concentration of the inflammatory mediator, Interleukin-6, in adults but no significant effect is found on C-reactive protein. The methodology of this study involved running an electronic search for English-language studies across several databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, SCOPUS, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane library without any time restrictions. The effect sizes on serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) were calculated based on the mean changes of both intervention and control groups. Assessment of the overall effects and their heterogeneity was done using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. To examine the statistical heterogeneity, Cochran's Q test and I-squared statistic were utilized. With respect to the results, among the eleven studies involved, it was observed that almond consumption did not significantly affect serum CRP level. However, a significant decrease in serum IL-6 level was reported with almond consumption. Thus, reflecting the beneficial effects of almonds with regard to reducing the serum concentration of IL-6. The results derived for serum CRP were not substantial enough to be considered significant.

A Cohort Study published in 2023 in the journal Life found that Monounsaturated fats, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and a suitable eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid ratio can be used in diet therapy to improve quality of life by reducing pain and inflammation. The risk of endometriosis may increase with a higher consumption of products rich in saturated fats, especially palmitic acid and trans-unsaturated fatty acids. Monounsaturated fats and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may likely be connected with a lower risk of developing endometriosis and with reductions in the severity of disease.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2023 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Pomegranate extract supplements can help improve clinical symptoms and lower blood cell counts associated with inflammation in patients with allergic asthma. In this study, 64 participants with mild to moderate allergic asthma were randomly divided into two groups: a control group which was given placebo capsules and an intervention group which was given pomegranate extract capsules. The intervention group was administered a dosage of 250 milligrams of pomegranate extract twice daily over a period of eight weeks. The clinical symptoms and blood cell counts of all the participants were measured before starting the intervention and post the completion of it. The results of the study indicated that the group which was given pomegranate extract exhibited considerable improvement in clinical symptoms like shortness of breath and restrictions on activity, as compared to the control group. Additionally, the participants in the intervention group displayed a substantive drop in eosinophil, basophil, and neutrophil counts. Notably, there was a statistically significant difference in the neutrophil and eosinophil levels between the two groups, which suggests that pomegranate extract supplementation might have potential therapeutic benefits for asthma patients.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2023 in the journal Phytotherapy Research found that Pomegranate juice supplementation has been found to effectively decrease testosterone levels in overweight and obese women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome. In the methodology, the study employed a randomized controlled trial which involved 44 participants. The women, aged between 18 and 40 years, had all been diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome and had a body mass index exceeding 25 kg/m. They were randomly divided, with one group consuming 45 ml/day of concentrated pomegranate juice and the other group receiving no intervention. A variety of biomarkers for sex hormones, inflammation, and oxidative stress were measured before starting the trial and again after eight weeks. Further discussion of the results revealed a significant decrease in testosterone levels among the overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome who took concentrated pomegranate juice over the eight week period, in contrast to those in the control group. Apart from testosterone, no significant changes were observed for luteinizing hormone, sex hormone-binding globulin levels or for markers of inflammation and oxidative stress between the two groups.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2023 in the journal TMR Pharmacology Research found that Chrysanthemum has several active ingredients that can potentially treat dry eye by inhibiting inflammation-related factors and pathways, thus reducing inflammation of lacrimal gland tissue. The study used network pharmacology methods and various databases to further analyze the mechanism of Chrysanthemum in treating dry eye. First, the TCMSP was used to screen for candidate active ingredient molecules of chrysanthemum showcasing requisite oral bioavailability and drug similarity. The active ingredients of chrysanthemum were then identified, followed by target prediction. Cytoscape was used to construct a compound-target network for chrysanthemum. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man and DisGeNET databases were utilized to pinpoint pathogenic genes associated with dry eye, and the STRING database produced an interaction network and bar graph to scrutinize protein interactions. Using Venny, a final drug-active ingredient-key target-disease network was created. The study found that Chrysanthemum has eighty active ingredients corresponding to targets for treating dry eye. These key functional targets primarily regulate gene expression, oxidative stress, immune response, apoptosis, proliferation, regulation of cellular inflammation-related factors, and angiogenesis. The primary pathways associated with these key targets include interleukin signaling, metabolism, cytokine signaling in the immune system, immune system, and signal transduction, thereby improving the condition of dry eye primarily through the inhibition of inflammation-related factors.

A Experimental Study published in 2023 in the journal Food & Function found that Pu-erh tea can potentially prevent depression-like behaviors induced by nighttime blue light from electronic devices by reshaping gut microbiota and increasing short-chain fatty acids generation. The methodology used involved administering water or Pu-erh tea to two groups of mice for 120 days, followed by a 45-day exposure to a blue light simulating electronic equipment during the night. The effect of the tea and blue light on the mice's behavior and gut microbiota was then studied. Results indicated that the blue light induced depression-like behaviors and upset the gut microbiota in mice that were previously healthy. In the discussion of results, it was noted that the intake of Pu-erh tea significantly reshaped the mice's gut microbiota, especially the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids, which helped protect the integrity of the intestinal barrier. This improvement not only lessened damage to the blood-brain barrier, but also reduced neuroinflammation by inhibiting certain cellular pathways. This ultimately regulated neurotransmitters like brain-derived neurotrophic factor and serotonin, demonstrating the potential of Pu-erh tea to prevent blue light induced depression-like behaviors by impacting the gut-brain axis.

A Review Article published in 2023 in the journal Pharmacological Research found that Consumption of tea and coffee may possibly provide anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to reduced cardiovascular risk and mortality. The methodology of this narrative review examined the potential anti-inflammatory properties of consuming tea and coffee as a factor in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. This was done by analyzing a plethora of studies and meta-analyses that explored the impact of diet on inflammation, with a keen focus on the consumption of these beverages. The studies looked at a variety of risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including inflammation biomarkers such as C-reactive protein, along with the impact of modern lipid-lowering treatments. In discussing the results, it was noticed that inconsistent findings were produced from the analysed studies which made a conclusive determination challenging. However, a trend was observed where drinking tea and coffee seemed to raise adiponectin levels, reduce reactive oxygen species and lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Despite these potential anti-inflammatory properties of tea and coffee being somewhat uncertain due to various confounding factors, their consumption is still recommended as part of a healthy diet.

A Review Article published in 2022 in the journal International Journal of Molecular Sciences found that Magnesium, essential for harmonising nerve signals and preserving the blood-brain barrier, may be linked to neurodegenerative disorders when its balance is disrupted. The researchers performed a narrative review, beginning with a quick overview of the role of magnesium in the brain. Magnesium is crucial for healthy nerve signal transmission and the upkeep of the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood. Then, they discussed evidence suggesting a connection between disrupted magnesium balance and a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. In the discussion of the results, it was posited that a deficiency in magnesium might contribute to low-grade systemic inflammation, which is common in many illnesses. Specifically, they argued that such inflammation in the brain is a characteristic feature of neurodegenerative diseases. The review found evidence that disruptions in the body's magnesium balance could be associated with multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases.

A Review Article published in 2022 in the journal Frontiers in Immunology found that Inflammation modulation—targeting innate immune signals and exploring epigenetic regulation, the gut microbiome, and herbal agents—emerges as a promising treatment strategy for retinitis pigmentosa. The study's methodology began by identifying and emphasizing the role of neuroinflammation in the progression of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). It delved into the effects of continuous sterile inflammation, caused by abnormal activation of immunity, which leads to neuron loss and structural destruction in RP. The main focus of the research was to review therapeutic strategies, concentrating on the modulation of innate immune signals like Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα) signaling, Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) signaling, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, chemokine signaling, and Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling. Post this initial evaluation, the study proceeded to explore novel therapeutic strategies. It examined how the pattern of gene activation and deactivation (epigenetic regulation), the gut microbiome (the collection of microbes living in our intestines), and various herbal agents can serve as possible treatment paths for retinitis pigmentosa.

A Network Pharmacology published in 2022 in the journal Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening found that The Chinese medicine formulas Zuo Gui Wan and You Gui Wan have the potential to treat premature ovarian failure through different pharmacological pathways. This study used a public database to identify the active ingredients and potential targets of the Zuo Gui Wan and You Gui Wan compounds. These were analyzed in relation to premature ovarian failure (POF) related genes obtained from OMIM and GeneCards. A protein-protein interaction network was established using STRING, and a drug-active ingredient-target gene network was constructed. The study thus identified similarities and differences in potential targets, active ingredients, and enriched pathways between the two compounds. Analyzing the drug-target-pathway network revealed that both compounds contain multiple common active ingredients, as well as unique components, and share several targets in the treatment of POF, showing similar core mechanisms of action. However, each compound also targets some unique pathways, which indicates their differential approaches to POF treatment.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2022 in the journal Nutrients found that Dietary modifications, combining increased intake of anti-inflammatory foods and decreased intake of pro-inflammatory foods, effectively impede subclinical inflammation in ulcerative colitis patients in clinical remission. The study conducted a 6-month open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on adult patients with ulcerative colitis who were in clinical remission. The patients were randomly assigned to follow either an Anti-inflammatory Diet (AID) or Canada’s Food Guide (CFG). The AID was designed to raise the consumption of dietary fiber, probiotics, antioxidants, and omega-3 fatty acids, while reducing the intake of red meat, processed meat, and added sugars. Stool, urine, and serum samples were collected for fecal calprotectin and microbial analysis as well as metabolomic analysis at both the study's start and endpoint. A total of 53 patients were randomized in the study. The evaluation of the patients’ response to the intervention showed a higher subclinical response in the AID group. Patients in the AID group were found to have a higher intake of specific nutrients and foods such as zinc, phosphorus, selenium, yogurt, and seafood compared to the control group. The AID adherence was related to significant changes in the metabolome, with a decrease in fecal acetone and xanthine levels and an increase in fecal taurine and urinary carnosine and p-hydroxybenzoic acid levels. The AID subjects also exhibited increases in specific fecal bacterial families. In conclusion, dietary modifications involving the increased intake of anti-inflammatory foods combined with a decreased intake of pro-inflammatory foods were associated with metabolic and microbial changes and were effective in preventing subclinical inflammation in these patients.

A Animal Study published in 2022 in the journal Frontiers in Nutrition found that Cooked adzuki beans contribute notably to preventing obesity and regulating gut microbiota composition, while also alleviating systemic inflammation and metabolic disorders. The methodology involved a controlled experiment where mice were fed diets of varying lipid content: a low-fat diet or a high-fat diet. The specific twist in this experiment was the inclusion or exclusion of cooked adzuki beans to their diet, ensuring 15% of the diet comprised of this. The duration of this dietary regimen was 12 weeks. In the discussion of results, it was discovered that cooked adzuki beans provided key beneficial effects. This included a significant inhibition of weight gain and hepatic steatosis, a reduction in high levels of specific markers such as serum triacylglycerol, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase, providing a counter to systemic inflammation and metabolism-related endotoxemia commonly found in those consuming a high-fat diet. Moreover, the inclusion of adzuki beans positively affected the gut microbiota composition, reducing fat-inducing bacteria and enriching the gut with beneficial bacteria to help alleviate inflammation and metabolic disorders associated with high-fat diets.

A published in 2022 in the journal Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology found that Traditional Chinese medicine exhibits fewer side effects while effectively controlling inflammation and serum uric acid in gout patients. In the methodology, the research used herbs as a primary resource, focusing on their phytochemicals. The study examined how these phytochemicals exert anti-inflammatory effects by inactivating the NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome, as well as lowering uric acid through the inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity and the up-regulation of URAT1 and GLUT9 expressions. Further, the study explored the relation of changes in intestinal flora and gout, with Chinese herbs acting like prebiotics to modify this flora. In terms of results, the study found an increase in the abundance of certain beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Bacteroidetes, and Prevotella, and a decrease in Proteus and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio post traditional Chinese medicine treatment. The alterations in the intestinal flora led to changes in its metabolites, which eventually impacted inflammatory signaling pathways, regulating gene expressions and suppressing xanthine oxidase activity. The study also observed the relation between the disruption of the intestinal barrier and the onset of gout.

A Review Article published in 2022 in the journal Applied Sciences found that Purple carrot roots, rich in bioactive compounds like anthocyanin, may be effective in preventing metabolic syndrome and cancer by reducing inflammation and metabolic changes. The methodology employed in the research deeply studies the role of purple carrot’s main bioactive compounds against metabolic syndrome and cancer. The main focus lies on anthocyanin, a phenolic compound present in purple carrot roots. This natural food source was shifted towards as a healthier nutritional approach instead of dietary supplements. The research leans on the effectiveness of these compounds in evading or delaying the onset of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, and cancer by inhibiting inflammatory effects. The discussion primarily surrounds the role of bioactive compounds found in purple carrots, specifically anthocyanin, in their potential prevention of metabolic syndrome and cancer. The study focused on how these components could disrupt the onset of cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, and similar health issues. The results suggest that these compounds were successful in decreasing metabolic changes and inflammation. It has been suggested that purple carrots' inherent components might serve as a major tool in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome and cancer.

A Meta-Analysis published in 2022 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Probiotics combined with traditional Chinese medicine have shown higher rates of efficiency in the treatment of ulcerative colitis than when each is used individually. For the methodology, the researchers utilized a comprehensive search of multiple databases such as Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, China Academic Journals, Wan-fang database, Chinese biomedical literature service system, and Chinese Science and Technology Journals. They designed subgroup analysis in alignment with distinct control drugs, treatment lengths, and types of probiotics, using Review Manager software for statistical analysis. In discussing the results, the study analyzed fourteen original studies containing over a thousand patients. It concluded that the combination of probiotics with traditional Chinese medicine was more effective than 5-aminosalicylic acid, probiotics, or traditional Chinese medicine used individually. Further, this combination was found to suppress intestinal inflammation, diminish the frequency of recurrence, and lower the occurrence of adverse events. The results indicated that a mixture of different probiotics was more effective than a single strain.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2022 in the journal EClinicalMedicine found that Acupuncture effectively induced and sustained remission in active Crohn's disease patients, linked to an increase in anti-inflammatory gut bacteria and improved intestinal barrier. In a 48-week randomized, sham controlled, parallel-group clinical trial conducted at a Chinese tertiary outpatient clinic, 66 drug-resistant, mild to moderately active Crohn's disease patients were randomly assigned equally to a control or acupuncture plus moxibustion treatment group. Three treatment sessions were provided weekly for 12 weeks, followed by 36 weeks of follow-up. The acupuncture treatment was significantly more effective than the sham treatment in terms of clinical remission and response rates by week 12, results which were maintained at week 48. The acupuncture group also displayed lower Crohn's disease activity indices and C-reactive protein levels and a decreased recurrence rate. Post-treatment, this group demonstrated an increase in the diversity and relative abundance of intestinal microbiota, particularly anti-inflammatory bacteria, as well as reduced plasma levels of diamine oxidase, lipopolysaccharide, and Th1/Th17 related cytokines.

A Review Article published in 2022 in the journal Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports found that Cherry juice, when consumed several days before exercise, hastens muscle function recovery post-exercise, making it a valuable 'precovery' intervention. The review sourced data from fifteen studies that involved differing procedures for tart cherry juice intake in relation to exercise, and their impacts on muscle function, inflammation, and soreness after working out. Various forms of cherry products were investigated such as concentrated juice, juice from fresh-frozen cherries, tart cherry concentrate gel, and tart cherry powder. While the specific dosages varied depending on the type of cherry product, the timing of the dosing regimen emerged as a vital factor. Studies consistently reveal faster muscle function recovery post-exercise if the juice is ingested for numerous days preceding the exercise. The impact on soreness, inflammation, and the effectiveness of starting the regimen on the day of, or post-exercise remain mixed and unclear. Notably, tart cherry powder failed to boost any recovery metric in the after-workout days. The findings advocate for using the term "precovery" for interventions that begin prior to the exercise to assist in recovery post-exercise. Among a variety of athletic activities, cherry juice demonstrates its merit as an effective precovery beverage.

A Review Article published in 2022 in the journal Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition found that Modern extraction techniques improve the extraction of bioactive compounds from black soybeans, which have potential use in functional foods and nutraceutical components. These modern extraction techniques involve the application of technologies such as microwaves, ultrasounds, and enzymes. Contrary to traditional methods that depend on simple yet toxic solvents, these contemporary options yield higher amounts of bioactive substances from black soybeans, are quicker, and are less damaging to the environment. The exact bioactive compounds extracted include anthocyanins, phenolic acids, isoflavones, and flavones, among others. Researchers discovered that black soybeans, and specifically their seed coat, are rich in various bioactive compounds. These compounds have been reported to possess numerous health benefits, showing antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, cardio and neuroprotective activities. The study also explores how these soybean extracts have been used in the manufacture of food products like noodles, in the development of biodegradable films with pH sensitivity, and in therapeutic applications such as promoting wound healing and alleviating inflammation. The comprehensive review, therefore, serves as a handy reference for food manufacturers and scientists, showcasing the vast potential of black soybeans in the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals.

A Review Article published in 2022 in the journal Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition found that Goji berries, notably their polysaccharides, exhibit protective effects against inflammatory bowel disease through the preservation of healthy gut microbiota. The review encompassed an in-depth analysis of current literature specially focusing on the role of goji berry and its important functional constituents in countering Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The core attentiveness of the research is directed towards understanding the interplay between goji berries, particularly their polysaccharides, and gut microbiota. The goji berries’ protective effects were evaluated, focusing on how they curb disruption in gut microbiota, a common facet in IBD. The review concluded that goji berries, especially their polysaccharides, demonstrated appreciable benefits in averting gut microbiota disturbances seen with IBD, thus protecting against this condition. These natural substances, present in goji berries, function as prebiotics, which maintain a balanced gut microbial ecosystem. The research further revealed that proper functioning of gut microbiota and their metabolites was a crucial element in mediating these beneficial effects against IBD, thus cementing the role of dietary interventions in managing diseases linked with gut health.

A Experimental Study published in 2022 in the journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology found that Saffron petal extract and anthocyanins can alleviate symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome by rectifying hormonal imbalances and reducing inflammation in PCOS mice. The study conducted experiments on mice induced with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) through the injection of testosterone enanthate. These mice were then treated with saffron petal extract and anthocyanins to observe the effect on their ovarian hormones, steroidogenic enzymes, ovarian dysfunction, regulation of anti-inflammatory genes, and antioxidant factors. The treatment was found to decrease the elevated levels of luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and estrogen in the PCOS mice, while reviving the reduced follicular-stimulating hormone and progesterone levels. In discussion of the results, it was observed that saffron petal extract and anthocyanins positively altered the levels of gonadotropin receptors, steroid receptors, inflammatory markers, inflammatory-related factors, and antioxidant enzymes that were affected by the PCOS condition in the subject mice. The study also noted that the reproductive tissues of the PCOS mice, which were converted into androgen-dominant environments by the testosterone enanthate induction, were restored into estrogenic conditions after the treatment. Further findings suggested that saffron petal extract and anthocyanins led to amelioration of PCOS symptoms by enhancing the regulation of ovarian steroids, steroidogenic processes, antioxidant enzyme production, and inflammatory markers.

A Review Article published in 2021 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Chinese herbal medicines could alleviate chronic kidney disease symptoms by combating fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and encouraging repair and regeneration. The study's methodology consisted of both clinical and experimental approaches. It started with an examination of an array of traditional Chinese herbs. The criteria for considered herbs were their clinical efficacy, frequency of use in treating chronic renal disease, and a well-studied mechanism of action. Five herbs, namely, Tanshinone II A, Salvianolic acid A & B, Triptolide, Tripterygium glycosides and a monomer from Kudzu root, made the cut after having met the set criteria. The results showed that these Chinese herbs were found to possess pharmaceutical properties that were effective against fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, these also showed the potential to promote renal repair and regeneration, which are fundamental for treating chronic kidney disease. These findings suggest a broader scope of therapeutic treatments that could benefit the patients in a more natural and potentially less invasive way.

A Systematic Review published in 2021 in the journal Japanese Dental Science Review found that Green tea treatment has shown potential in improving oral hygiene and gingival health, and reducing periodontitis and caries. The methodology of this research consisted of systematic literature review focusing on clinical trials that evaluated the impact of green tea on managing periodontitis and caries. Various databases including MedLine (PubMed), Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were utilized for gathering relevant studies. Eighteen suitable studies were selected, encompassing 870 subjects. The results reveal a noticeable positive effect from green tea treatment. This effect was realized in the reduction of gingival index, plaque index, gingival bleeding index and bleeding on probing when compared to a control group. It was also noted that when considered among chlorhexidine control groups, green tea showed a slight negative effect. There was additionally a significant positive effect seen in the reduction of clinical attachment level and probing pocket depth with green tea treatment.

A Review Article published in 2021 in the journal Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition found that Green tea and its component EGCG, demonstrate potential as a treatment for endometriosis by inhibiting growth, invasion, adhesion and angiogenesis. The main research methodology of this work is a narrative review. The paper comprehensively collects and reviews various preclinical studies that propose the use of green tea as a potential treatment for endometriosis. These studies explore the diverse biological properties and activities of green tea and its major bioactive component, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, including anti-angiogenic, anti-proliferation, anti-metastasis, and apoptosis induction functions. Different potential mechanisms used by green tea to inhibit the growth of endometriosis are considered, such as its effects on inflammation, oxidative stress, invasion, adhesion, and apoptosis. The discussion of the reviewed data highlights the potential therapeutic effects of green tea acting on different molecular and cellular mechanisms in endometriosis. The researchers keenly discussed how green tea exhibited an inhibitory effect on the disease through multiple avenues, including reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, preventing tumor invasion and adhesion, promoting apoptosis (cell death), and limiting angiogenesis (the development of new blood vessels) - all these factors contribute to the growth and progression of endometriosis. The discussion elaborates on the significant roles and wider implications of these processes in understanding and potentially treating endometriosis.

A Review Article published in 2021 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Yu Xing Cao, a traditional Asian medicine, demonstrates organ protection, immune regulation, and anti-tumour activity when analysed in modern research. The methodology used in this review began by harnessing key search terms such as 'H. cordata and lung', 'H. cordata and heart', 'H. cordata and liver', and 'H. cordata and inflammation' to query research databases including PubMed, Web of Science and ScienceDirect. The focus was on articles published within the past decade that aligned significantly with the chosen keywords. Contents, disease models and research methods from these articles were analysed to form a comprehensive understanding of H. cordata's therapeutic effects. Results from the review found that H. cordata contained a variety of chemical constituents common to medicinal plants, including flavonoids and volatile oils, identified as the main active components. The plant demonstrated a range of pharmacological activities including organ protection, where it reduced the release of inflammatory factors to alleviate lung injury. The immunity regulation aspect enhanced immune barriers in the vagina, oral cavity, and intestinal tract, reducing pathogen infection due to its combined antibacterial and antiviral activity. It was also observed to have anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour properties, with a noted effect on lung, liver, colon, and breast tumours.

A Animal Study published in 2021 in the journal Journal of Integrative Medicine found that Shen Ling Bai Zhu San was found to inhibit inflammatory damage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, thus offering potential as a preventive and therapeutic treatment. In the study, rats were put on a high-fat diet, with or without the addition of Shenling Baizhu powder or probiotics. Assessments were made at week 16, using an echo magnetic resonance imaging analyser to examine body composition, a micro-computed tomography imaging system to measure whole body and liver fat, and a laser perfusion imager to study liver microcirculation. After this, the rats were sacrificed and biochemical markers in the blood as well as liver ultrastructure were evaluated. The expression of proteins associated with liver inflammatory signaling pathways were scrutinized via Western blot analysis alongside a high-throughput screening of 29 relevant inflammatory factors in liver tissue. The results indicated that supplementing with Shenling Baizhu powder reduced body weight, serum free fatty acid, and insulin resistance. It also improved liver microcirculation and ultrastructural abnormalities. Quantitative analyses manifested that the treatment lowered fat mass and visceral fat. Moreover, the powder reduced the expression of certain inflammatory signaling pathway-related proteins and modified the expression levels of some inflammatory cytokines found in liver tissues. Thus, indicating that Shenling Baizhu powder could inhibit the activation of inflammatory agents and suppress related expressions, making it potentially beneficial for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory damage and associated diseases.

A Clinical Study published in 2021 in the journal European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology found that Administering a broad-spectrum antibiotic with or without gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist reduced uterine infection and decreased tissue inflammation, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis in women with endometriosis. This research was a prospective non-randomized observational study which collected endometrial samples during surgery from both a control group and a group of women suffering from endometriosis. These groups were treated with levofloxacin or a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist before surgery. The samples were subjected to a polymerase chain reaction amplification of bacteria and followed by an immunohistochemical analysis using various antibodies associated with plasma cells, macrophages, cell proliferation, and vascular cells. Analyzing the metagenome assay of the 16S rDNA revealed that treatment with levofloxacin, or a combination of Gonadotropin releasing hormone and levofloxacin had effectively lessened several major bacterial genera compared with the untreated group. Particularly in women suffering from endometriosis, such treatment significantly reduced the presence of certain bacteria. A Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test indicated that the occurrence rate of chronic endometritis decreased following treatment involving levofloxacin and the gonadotropin releasing hormone. The findings were consistent with considerable reduced infiltration of certain stained macrophages, cell proliferation and micro-vessel density in both endometria and endometriotic lesions. These improvements were visually confirmed with improvements in ovarian endometrioma morphology.

A Experimental Study published in 2021 in the journal Journal of Neurochemistry found that Zeaxanthin dipalmitate, a wolfberry-derived carotenoid, can delay retinal degeneration in mice modelling Retinitis Pigmentosa mainly through its anti-inflammatory and oxidative stress effects. In the study's methodology, Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (ZD) was intravitreally injected into mice on postnatal day 16. Subsequent assessment of retinal function and structure were made at P25 using visual behavior tests, multi-electrode-array recordings, and immunostaining. The involved gene expressions and their regulation by ZD were delved into through transcriptome sequencing and western blotting. In the discussion of results, it was discovered that ZD treatment significantly improved the visual behavior of the mice and delayed degeneration of the retinal photoreceptors, enhancing the light responses of photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and retinal ganglion cells. The ZD treatment led to a decline of up-regulated genes connected to inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. The study found that ZD reduces the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and chemokine ligand 2, down-regulates the expression of the inflammatory factor GFAP, and withholds extracellular signal regulated protein kinases and P38, but not JNK pathways. All these findings indicate the potential of ZD as treatment for Retinitis Pigmentosa.

A Review Article published in 2021 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that The autophagic-regulatory effects of Chinese herbal medicine are potentially therapeutic for allergic inflammatory diseases such as asthma. Chinese herbal medicine is one of the main lines of complementary and alternative therapy of bronchial asthma, as it is the third most popular choice of both adults and children suffering from this condition. An increasing number of CHMs have been discovered as autophagy modulators. Such autophagic-regulatory effects are potentially therapeutic for allergic inflammatory diseases such as asthma. Although we have found that many autophagy modulators isolated from anti-asthmatic-CHMs were possibly related to new mechanisms and functions of these plants in the treatment of asthma diseases, we are still far away from translating these traditional herbs or formula into clinical applications in asthma therapy.

A Clinical Study published in 2021 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that Jia Wei Yu Ping Feng San, a traditional Chinese medicine, alleviates allergic asthma by reducing airway inflammation, mediated by suppressing group 2 innate lymphoid cells. In this study, a model of allergic asthma was established by sensitizing and challenging female C57BL/6 mice with Ovalbumin (OVA). Following this, the assessment of airway hyperresponsiveness was done using direct airway resistance analysis. Levels of inflammation were examined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissue sections were analyzed through HE and PAS staining, studying mucus hypersecretion and inflammatory cell infiltration. The number and proportion of ILC2s, their related transcription factors (GATA3, IRF4), and type 2 cytokines were also measured from lung tissue samples. Moreover, the ILC2s were extracted from mouse lungs followed by evaluation of ILC2s-related cytokines, and transcription factors GATA3 and IRF4 after IL33-induced activation of ILC2s. The results showed that JWYPFS treatment significantly mitigated airway resistance and decreased inflammatory cells such as eosinophils in these mice. It also hindered mucus production and type 2 cytokines. Importantly, JWYPFS dramatically decreased the number and proportion of ILC2s, and the mRNA levels of their related transcription factors - GATA3, and IRF4. This research indicates that JWYPFS could be an effective agent in treating allergic asthma by alleviating ILC2s-mediated airway inflammation.

A Systematic Review published in 2021 in the journal International Journal of Biological Macromolecules found that Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides effectively reduce inflammation in ulcerative colitis, promoting healing by restoring intestinal and mucus barrier functions. In this study, two models were utilized to investigate the impacts of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides on ulcerative colitis: a dextran sodium sulfate-induced mice model and a lipopolysaccharide-stimulated model using Caco-2 cells. First, the dextran sodium sulfate-induced mice ulcerative colitis model was administered with the Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides. Effects were observed across several indicators such as body weight, colon length, and thickness, as well as intestinal permeability. Following that, histopathological analysis and electron microscope examinations helped delve deeper into the relationship, uncovering a reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration and a restoration of the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. The lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Caco-2 cells model was used to further understand the role of these polysaccharides in reducing expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing expressions related to intestinal barrier and mucus barrier.

A Review Article published in 2021 in the journal Trends in Food Science & Technology found that Coconut oil has potential therapeutic value in treating Alzheimer's disease by suppressing neuro-inflammation, reversing neurodegeneration, and inhibiting secretion of harmful peptides. The methodology of this study hinges on investigating the impact of coconut oil-derived medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) on brain glucose metabolism, which is linked to Alzheimer's Disease (AD). These MCFAs rapidly metabolize into ketone bodies, possibly providing alternative energy for cerebral tissue. This research evaluates the recent findings on the role of coconut oil in mitigating AD symptoms, including its dietary effects on reducing neuro-inflammation, reversing neurodegenerative processes, and inhibiting the secretion of amyloid β peptides, which contribute to AD. The results of the investigation reveal a promising correlation between coconut oil and the amelioration of AD symptoms. The effectiveness of coconut oil is believed to be due to its ability in enhancing cell survival pathways, suppressing neuro-inflammation, and reversing neurodegeneration. Coconut oil also proves useful in preventing the secretion of harmful amyloid β peptides, as seen in animal models and human clinical trials. These multi-pronged biochemical effects underline the immense therapeutic potential of coconut oil in treating AD.

A Review Article published in 2021 in the journal Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical found that Acupuncture, via nerve stimulation, can be a promising treatment strategy for controlling inflammation and improving organ function during sepsis by activating immune reflexes. The study used a neuromodulation approach, leveraging the technique of peripheral nerve stimulation through acupuncture. This was linked with known somatic-autonomous-immune reflexes with the aim to control inflammation and improve organ functions in sepsis cases. The local and systematic effects of this methodology were largely achieved through the activation of several reflexes. These included the somatic-sympathetic-splenic reflex, the somatic-sympathic-adrenal reflex, the somatic-vagal-splenic reflex, and the somatic-vagal-adrenal reflex. The activation of these particular reflexes is what sets acupuncture apart from other nerve stimulation techniques. In terms of results, the method used for immunomodulation and inflammation control showed considerable promise for sepsis treatment. The acupuncture procedure achieved regulation by activating appropriate reflexes which in turn produced a systemic effect, thereby controlling inflammation and enhancing organ function. The research findings underscore acupuncture as an effective therapy, providing significant advantages for immunomodulation in acute inflammation such as sepsis, leading to a comprehensive, evidence-based therapy recommendation.

A Experimental Study published in 2021 in the journal Free Radical Biology and Medicine found that Black pepper and its major component, piperine, can effectively regulate anemia of inflammation by reducing the overexpression of hepcidin, a hormone that controls iron levels. The study involves a two-tier investigation, first in vitro, and then in vivo. In the laboratory, different black pepper extracts were interacted with a human liver cell line known as HepG2, and the one derived from methanol (BPME) showed the most promising result because it reduced the transcription of the hepcidin gene significantly. In addition to BPME, piperine was proven to almost entirely suppress hepcidin protein expression at specific concentrations. In the subsequent in vivo experimentation, live mice were artificially induced with an elevated level of hepcidin through oil of turpentine injections. Then they were administered with BPME and piperine, the effects of which significantly reduced the enhanced hepcidin expression. The molecular interaction studies further suggest that piperine directly binds with SMAD1 and STAT3 proteins, the critical factors behind the overexpression of hepcidin. The study found a demonstrable downregulation in hepcidin expression with the use of both the methanol extract of black pepper and the bioactive alkaloid piperine. These substances also interacted with some proteins to lower the overexpression of hepcidin initiated by inflammation. Additionally, there was a noticeable increase in iron bioavailability in the liver of treated test animals, pointing to the potential of these compounds to rectify anemia of inflammation. The findings posited black pepper as a possible therapeutic option for managing this anemic condition.

A published in 2021 in the journal Food Research International found that This review further put forward the possibility that cold-hot nature of food and Chinese medicine exert different biological effects on the inflammatory response via regulating the signaling pathways viz. NF-κB and MAPK. This review explored that the cold and hot natures are not only linked to the chemical components such as water, carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids, but also correlated to the biological effects, comprising of energy metabolism, inflammation response, oxidation reaction, immune response, and cell growth and proliferation. Besides, this review further put forward the possibility that cold-hot nature of food and Chinese medicine exert different biological effects on the inflammatory response via regulating the signaling pathways viz. NF-κB and MAPK. More extensive studies are needed to consider the overall connections between both the biological effects and chemical components and how food processing affects the cold-hot nature of the food.

A Experimental Study published in 2021 in the journal International Journal of Molecular Sciences found that Two French natural mineral waters (NMW1 and NMW2) show anti-inflammatory effects and can reduce intestinal inflammation in mice with induced colitis. The study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of two French natural mineral waters (NMWs) - NMW1 (rich in calcium, magnesium, sodium, carbon, and iron) and NMW2 (mainly bicarbonate) - on intestinal inflammation. Intestinal epithelial cells were stimulated with heat-inactivated Escherichia coli or hydrogen peroxide and then treated with NMWs. Additionally, moderate colitis was induced in Balbc/J mice using 1% dextran sulfate sodium. These mice were then given either NMW1, NMW2, or control water. The study assessed general symptoms, histological features of colitis, fecal lipocalin-2 levels, pro-inflammatory KC cytokine levels, and the global mucosa-associated microbiota. Both NMW1 and NMW2 showed anti-inflammatory effects in treated intestinal cells. In the colitis-induced mice, NMW1 notably reduced inflammation, evidenced by lower disease activity scores, reduced fecal lipocalin-2, decreased release of pro-inflammatory KC cytokines, and smaller intestinal epithelial lesions. NMW1 also helped in maintaining the normal state of mucosa-associated microbiota. These findings suggest the potential of these NMWs in managing inflammatory bowel disease through modulating gut microbiota.

A Meta-Analysis published in 2021 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that The evidence supports that acupuncture can be considered in the treatment of cough-variant asthma as an adjuvant therapy. In this study, a total of 929 patients (464 cases in the treatment group and 465 cases in the control group) were included in 11 RCT studies of acupuncture treatment for cough-variant asthma (CVA). Meta-analysis results based on published evidence showed that total effective rate, recurrence rate, and symptom integral (cough, sputum, XiongGe full tightness), pulmonary function (FVC, FEV1, and PEF), and biochemical indicators (CRP, TNF alpha, and IgE) were superior with acupuncture treatment of CVA compared to control groups. The results showed that giving priority to simple acupuncture or auxiliary treatment of CVA clinical curative effect is better. Advantages include reducing the recurrence rate, improving symptoms, and regulating immune inflammation index. The quality of the studies was low, but there was research into the negative reports and risk of bias. Safety analysis: 3 of the 11 studies mentioned adverse reactions of acupuncture, mainly manifesting as minor reactions such as gastrointestinal reactions and local skin redness. Compared with the control group, there were fewer adverse reactions, and the safety was higher.

A Experimental Study published in 2021 in the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology found that The Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen (JPYS) traditional Chinese medicine formula aids in the alleviation of renal dysfunction and fibrosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) rats by combating inflammation and cellular apoptosis. Using an established model of 5/6 nephrectomized (5/6Nx) rats, an evaluation of the effects of the JPYS formula on renal function and fibrosis was conducted. To scrutinize the formula's impacts, markers of apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and the activity of Nrf2 signaling were measured. Correlative parameters including urinary protein, SCr, BUN, glomerular sclerosis index, tubulointerstitial fibrosis score, and renal histopathology were analyzed to assess the formula's preventive effect on renal dysfunction and fibrosis. The study also evaluated the gene expression associated with fibrosis and related elements such as TGF-β and various types of collagen. The evaluation of JPYS's efficacy revealed significant protection against cell apoptosis, highlighted by altered gene expression of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase 3, caspase 9, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells. Moreover, it was observed that the JPYS formula countered the activation of the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathway, exhibiting a decrease in gene expression of numerous inflammatory markers in the kidney. Alongside this, the formula promoted antioxidant performance, alleviating oxidative stress as indicated by antioxidant index indicators and a reduction in reactive oxygen species biomarkers. The study also identified the upswing of essential elements like HO-1 and Nrf2 level and a decline in Keap1 expression, signaling rationale towards the formula's potential relief of renal oxidative damage.

A Review Article published in 2021 in the journal Journal of Food Biochemistry found that Pomegranate demonstrates anti-proliferative, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory properties that can effectively control the progression of various respiratory diseases. The research methodology involved both in vivo and in vitro studies to examine the potential effects of pomegranate fruit, juice, extract, peel powder, and oil on a variety of respiratory disorders such as asthma, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The focus was to understand the properties of pomegranates that led to its anti-proliferative, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-tumorigenic effects, and how these qualities could potentially attenuate these diseases through modulation of various signaling pathways. The discussion of results revealed that pomegranate was effective in controlling the progression of diverse respiratory diseases, suggesting it could be a key therapeutic target. These results not only demonstrated the potential medical benefits of pomegranate against lung-based diseases but also highlighted its possible role in influencing the lung fibrinolytic system. The findings from both preclinical and clinical studies underscored the influence of pomegranate in tackling lung diseases.

A Review Article published in 2021 in the journal Pharmacological Research found that Baicalin, a Scutellaria baicalensis extract, has been found to have numerous therapeutic applications in liver and gut diseases by mediating apoptosis and immune response pathways. High-throughput screening and bioinformatics technology were utilized in the extraction and study of baicalin from the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, an herb traditionally used in Chinese medicine. The research sought to understand the biological action of baicalin, particularly how it affects diseases related to the liver and gut. The effects were associated mainly with downstream apoptosis and immune response pathways, which are induced by upstream oxidative stress and inflammation. In the discussion of the resultant findings, it was identified that baicalin engages various key factors during oxidative stress regulation. These include PI3K/Akt/NRF2, Keap-1, NF-κB, and HO-1, contributing to the healing effects of baicalin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, ulcerative colitis, and cholestasis. Further, it was discovered that baicalin plays a therapeutic role in regulating inflammatory response and apoptosis pathways. This ability aids in the alleviation of liver diseases and suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Baicalin was also found to regulate the intestinal flora by promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids, shedding new light on the full range of baicalin's pharmacological effects.

A Review Article published in 2021 in the journal Current Neuropharmacology found that Saffron and its components, crocin and crocetin, show potential in treating various eye disorders, including inflammation, macular edema, and glaucoma. Using key search terms like "eye disorders" and "saffron", the authors conducted a systematic review of various literature databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Their search included all types of studies, with no strict inclusion criteria, covering clinical studies, in vivo and in vitro studies. They extracted data from each study for qualitative analysis. The review started with 78 articles, narrowed down to 29 relevant ones. Nine articles were clinical trials, and 20 articles examined the impact of saffron on cellular and molecular aspects of eye disorders. Through their analysis, researchers found that saffron protects photoreceptor cells from light-induced damage, decreases glucose levels in diabetic mice, and mitigates the pro-inflammatory response in retinal cells. They reported improved visual function in age-related macular edema and lowered intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma. Furthermore, crocin, one of the saffron's main ingredients, was found to enhance the best corrected visual acuity and decrease central macular thickness in patients suffering from diabetic maculopathy.

A Experimental Study published in 2021 in the journal Antioxidants found that Pomegranate juice extract (PPJE) appears to reduce chemotherapy-induced skin side effects by inhibiting inflammation and promoting wound repair on the skin. In this study, the impact of pomegranate (L.) juice extract (PPJE) on skin cells treated with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), an antineoplastic agent, was evaluated. This involved assessing the extract's ability to inhibit the release of reactive oxygen species and enhance the cellular antioxidant response of the treated skin cells. Specific attention was given to observe the overexpression of cytoprotective enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 after the introduction of PPJE. The results indicated that PPJE indeed blocked the formation of nitrotyrosine and reduced the release of cytokines, therefore indicating a dampened inflammatory response. Furthermore, it was revealed that the extract could inhibit the nuclear translocation of p65-NF-κB, a key regulator of inflammation. The study also pointed out that PPJE could curb apoptosis in cells treated with 5-FU, whilst fostering wound repair. The overall findings suggest that PPJE holds potential as a supplementary agent for managing oxidative and inflammatory issues associated with chemotherapy-induced skin side effects.

A Meta-Analysis published in 2021 in the journal Phytomedicine found that The study reveals that pomegranate juice does not significantly affect vascular adhesion factors, but can effectively reduce the inflammatory marker, interleukin-6. In order to evaluate the role of pomegranate in endothelial dysfunction, databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were utilized up until July 2020. Relevant studies were chosen that examined pomegranate's impacts on vascular adhesion factors, namely intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, E-selectin, and interleukin-6. Computational tools were used to analyse this large data set. The results demonstrated that human studies showed no significant effects of pomegranate juice on intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and E-selectin compared to the control group. However, results revealed that pomegranate juice could significantly lower interleukin-6. Despite the absence of significant impacts on vascular adhesion factors, the notable reduction of interleukin-6 suggests the potential of pomegranate juice in treating endothelial dysfunction-related conditions such as cardiovascular diseases.

A Experimental Study published in 2021 in the journal Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology found that Ginger supplementation can prevent ethanol-induced reproductive dysfunction by improving hormone levels, reducing oxidative damage, inflammation, and regulating genes involved in testosterone synthesis. The methodology involved twenty-four adult male rats divided into four groups for a 28-day experiment. The researchers administered either ethanol or ginger extract to respective groups and then measured varying physiological factors related to reproductive health such as testosterone levels, antioxidant enzyme activity, concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and gonadotropins hormones. In addition, gene expressions related to oxidative damage, inflammation, and testosterone synthesis were also examined. Animating the discussion of results, it was observed that the administration of ethanol significantly decreased levels of hormones, oxidative markers, and lowered gene expression involved in testosterone synthesis. Conversely, ethanol caused an increase in inflammatory markers and the expression of genes related to inflammation. On the other hand, rats given a ginger supplement positively reversed these effects, showing significant improvements in all factors, thus leading to the conclusion that ginger can prevent reproductive issues induced by ethanol. The results obtained from the histological study further confirmed these findings, reaffirming that ginger could effectively counter ethanol-induced reproductive dysfunction.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2021 in the journal Biology of Sport found that Walnut consumption coupled with concurrent training improves lipid profile, steroid hormone levels, and systematic inflammation in elderly men. The study created two matched groups of fit elderly men and placed one on a diet inclusive of walnuts (15g/day for six weeks) alongside their concurrent (resistance and endurance) training. The other group did the concurrent training without the walnut-supplemented diet. The study then took fasting blood samples from the participants 48 hours before and after the intervention for biochemical assessments. The group consuming walnuts saw a significant improvement in their lipid profiles with increased high-density lipoprotein levels and decreased total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels. The walnut-eating participants also saw an increase in testosterone levels after the training, which was significantly higher than the group not consuming walnuts. Additionally, the walnut-consuming group experienced lowered cortisol levels and decreased C-reactive protein compared to the group not consuming walnuts. It is plausible the results could be attributed to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids in walnuts.

A Review Article published in 2020 in the journal Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience found that Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation during the prenatal and perinatal period could have a protective effect on neurodevelopmental disorders including ADHD, ASD, and MDD in youth. The research implemented supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids also known as Omega-3 PUFAs, in different quantities and durations to youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder (MDD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This was carried out based on suggested dosage and duration from various randomized controlled trials and systemic literature reviews. It was observed that omega-3 PUFAs were essential nutrients not just for physical health but also for mental health, more so during the prenatal and perinatal stages of development. The results demonstrated that clinical symptoms improved in youth with ADHD, MDD and ASD after they were supplemented with Omega-3 PUFAs, especially in cases where there was high inflammation or low baseline Omega-3 index present. The research showed very promising evidence that Omega-3 PUFAs had positive effects on lethargy and hyperactivity symptoms in ASD. There was also an inclination that Omega-3 PUFAs levels and inflammation could be potential markers for treatment response in ADHD and MDD.

A Systematic Review published in 2020 in the journal Neural Plasticity found that Acupuncture treatment can improve the clinical effectiveness of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome or functional diarrhea. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the effectiveness and safety of 31 acupuncture concerned studies for patients with IBS-D or FD were evaluated. We found that acupuncture can significantly reduce the number of stools per week in IBS-D or FD patients, improve patients’ overall symptoms, improve the total effective rate, decrease the recurrence rate, and reduce the pain level of patients. Based on the results, we believe that acupuncture can improve the quality of life of patients with IBS-D or FD. Although the number of adverse events in the acupuncture group was similar to that in the control group, the majority of adverse events in the acupuncture group were subcutaneous hemorrhage. With such slight adverse events, we have observed that acceptance among patients has not been reduced. Moreover, the withdrawal rate of patients in the acupuncture group was still slightly lower than that in the control group.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2020 in the journal Journal of the American College of Cardiology found that Incorporating daily doses of walnuts into the diet of elderly individuals significantly reduces the concentrations of several inflammatory biomarkers. This study followed the WALHA study protocol and involved 708 elderly participants from two centers, one in Barcelona, Spain, and another in Loma Linda, California. They were randomly assigned into two groups: one group incorporated walnuts, at least 15% of energy (30 to 60g per day), into their diets, while the other group abstained from walnuts. The participants visited dietitians every two months for advice to maintain their allocated diets and physical activity level. The walnut group received 8-week allotments of raw-piece walnuts in sachets for daily consumption. The researchers conducted assessments of inflammatory biomarkers at the start and end of this 2-year study. Differences in the changes of inflammatory markers between diets were analyzed using multivariate-adjusted analysis of covariance. Of the 634 participants who completed the study, 66% were women and 32% were on statins. The average age was 69 years. There were no changes in body weight throughout the trial. Incorporation of walnuts into the diet resulted in significantly reduced concentrations of six out of ten examined biomarkers. Changes in inflammatory molecules were not related to changes in the main food groups.

A Review Article published in 2020 in the journal Antioxidants found that Green tea catechins potentially contribute to maintaining joint and skeletal muscle health, mitigating symptoms of osteoarthritis and sarcopenia. The research begins by providing an understanding of osteoarthritis, a degenerative inflammatory disorder of articular cartilage, and sarcopenia, a condition characterized by loss of muscle mass and strength. It explores their prevalence, causes such as excessive inflammation and oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and diminished autophagy. It then delves into the role of green tea catechins in joint health, including their influence on inflammatory signaling agents, anabolic mediators, and miRNAs expression. This leads to a decrease in chondrocyte death and collagen degradation, thereby offering cartilage protection. The investigation also examines the effects of green tea catechins on skeletal muscle health. It highlights their role in maintaining an equilibrium between protein synthesis and degradation, and enhancing the synthesis of mitochondrial energy metabolism. The review thus suggests a positive impact of green tea catechins on joint and muscle health, helping to maintain favorable muscle homeostasis and reduce muscle atrophy associated with aging. It ends by pointing out the limitations of the current study and proposing future research directions.

A Review Article published in 2020 in the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology found that Many clinical and experimental studies suggest that Chinese herbal formula are effective in reducing fatty liver disease, and revolving inflammation via many mechanistic pathways. The NAFLD pandemic implies an increase number of patients diagnosed with NAFL, NASH, liver fibrosis and HCC in the near future. Although the interpretation and diagnosis of NAFLD in Chinese medicine are different from those in western medicine, many clinical and experimental studies suggest that Chinese herbal formula are effective in reducing hepatic steatosis, and revolving inflammation via many mechanistic pathways. Some Chines herbal formulae also target at the gut–liver axis in NAFLD, while the adipose tissue–liver axis emerges to be a therapeutic approach for the treatment of NAFLD. More clinical and in-depth mechanistic investigations may help to validate the roles of these Chinese herbal formulae for the treatment of NAFLD. Application of the modern technology can also help to discover novel herbal-based therapeutics for the treatment.

A Systematic Review published in 2020 in the journal Complementary Therapies in Medicine found that Cinnamon supplementation significantly decreases inflammation and oxidative stress levels, serving as a potential additive for cardiometabolic health improvement. The systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. A comprehensive search for appropriate clinical trials was performed across multiple databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar until January 2020. After duplicates were removed, 1145 studies were found eligible and 12 studies were finally included in the meta-analysis, investigating the impact of cinnamon supplementation dosages ranging between 1.5 to 4 grams per day. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that cinnamon supplementation led to a significant reduction in inflammation markers, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, alongside a decrease in malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress marker. Concurrently, an increase was observed in the total antioxidant capacity following the supplementation, implying an enhancement in the body's defensive ability against oxidative damage. Nevertheless, no significant change was identified in the levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 after the cinnamon supplementation.

A Review Article published in 2020 in the journal Molecules found that Green tea polyphenols can potentially protect against neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's Disease through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective actions. The study synthesized existing research on the potential neuroprotective benefits of green tea polyphenols, particularly in Parkinson's disease. The papers highlighted were drawn from numerous sources and focused on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective attributes of these compounds. Green tea's potential protection against free radicals, inflammation, and neuro-damage were considerable points of interest. The analysis also took into account the complex physiological, social, and cultural factors that could influence the effectiveness of green tea polyphenols in human subjects. Through the evaluation of numerous in vivo studies, researchers came to intriguing conclusions about the overall mechanism of green tea. The studies assessed explored how green tea consumption could mitigate neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's. In these analyses, investigators refined their understanding of how green tea and its polyphenols function from a neuroprotective standpoint. This information helps us better understand the advantages of green tea consumption and its potential role in preventing neurodegeneration.

A Review Article published in 2020 in the journal The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry found that Honey, with its variable composition based on botanical origin, exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting its potential efficacy in managing obesity-related dysfunctions, including neurodegeneration, through improved glycemic control and lipid profile. The review explores honey's therapeutic potential, emphasizing its diverse bioactive compounds. The focus is on its effects in combating obesity-related dysfunctions, supported by experimental evidence from animal studies. Experimental findings indicate that honey can enhance glycemic control and lipid profile, offering protection against endothelial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in obesity. The role of honey's key constituents, particularly polyphenols, is highlighted, underscoring the need for further human studies to confirm these health benefits.

A Systematic Review published in 2020 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that The study shows the promising potential of Suan Zao Ren as a multi-effect traditional Chinese medicine derived from the seeds of Ziziphus Jujuba. The methodology of the research was primarily a comprehensive literature review of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (aka Suan Zao Ren). The team explored the botanical characteristics, traditional uses, pharmacology, and discovered compounds in the seeds of Ziziphus Jujuba. In regards to the results of the review, more than 150 compounds were identified in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen. These compounds, which mainly include terpenoids, flavonoids and others, show various biological activities. It was found that the seeds are particularly prominent in having sedative and hypnotic effects. Other properties discovered include antitumor potential, improvement to learning and memory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-aging, alongside lower blood pressure and lipid levels. Traditional usage of the seeds for the treatment of insomnia, forgetfulness, headaches and dizziness were confirmed by the review.

A Systematic Review published in 2020 in the journal Journal of Herbal Medicine found that Green tea catechins-containing mouthwash may potentially be a practical alternative to chlorhexidine due to its efficacy in plaque reduction and minimal side effects. The methodology involved an exhaustive literature review of several electronic databases, such as CINAHL, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PubMed and Scopus, up until January 2017. This review adhered to the PRISMA criteria, centring the research question around the impact of green tea catechins-containing mouthwash on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation in patients with gingivitis. Out of the 187 titles identified this way, five were fit for meta-analysis, the subject matter primarily revolving around an Asian population. The results indicated that both green tea and chlorhexidine (CHX) significantly outperformed a placebo in reducing Plaque Index (PI), with no substantial contrast between the CHX and green tea groups, both in terms of the endpoint and the change from the beginning of the study to its conclusion. However, only minor side effects were associated with the green tea mouthwash. Contrarily to chlorhexidine, this aspect might make green tea mouthwash more suitable for prolonged use. Despite some heterogeneity in the data and potential bias risks, green tea mouthwash remains an interesting, viable alternative worth considering.

A Systematic Review published in 2020 in the journal Nutrients found that Coffee intake may have a variable effect on inflammation markers, with different responses noted between men and women and across various geographical regions. The researchers carried out a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis on the relationship between coffee intake and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, an inflammation biomarker. They studied eleven previous studies involving a total of 61,047 participants from three different continents. These studies were chosen using the PubMed database. The selected studies had different findings: some showed a negative relationship between coffee and CRP levels, others showed a positive relationship while some showed no significant associations. The researchers analyzed the data from these studies using mixed-effects meta-regression models, with the volume of coffee consumed as the metric. Regarding the discussion of results, there revealed to be considerable variation between the individual studies included in the meta-analysis. In three of the largest studies, it was found that the relationship between coffee consumption and CRP levels appeared to be different depending on the gender of the participant and their location. Women from Europe and the United States, as well as Japanese men, showed a decrease in CRP levels with increased coffee consumption. However, European men showed an increased inflammation marker. When all studies were considered together, no significant relationship between coffee consumption and CRP levels was found among all participants or when the data was stratified by gender or geographical location, showing the contradictory nature of the results noted in individual studies.

A Meta-Analysis published in 2020 in the journal British Journal of Nutrition found that Strawberry interventions significantly reduced CRP levels and may improve total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in individuals with high baseline levels. We included eleven RCT in this meta-analysis (six for blood pressure, seven for lipid profile, seven for fasting blood glucose and six for C-reactive protein (CRP)). Overall, the strawberry interventions significantly reduced CRP levels by 0·63 (95 % CI −1·04, −0·22) mg/l but did not affect blood pressure, lipid profile or fasting blood glucose in the main analyses. Our analysis stratified by baseline endpoint levels showed the strawberry interventions significantly reduced TC among people with baseline levels >5 mmol/l (−0·52 (95 % CI −0·88, −0·15) mmol/l) and reduced LDL-cholesterol among people with baseline levels >3 mmol/l (−0·31 (95 % CI −0·60, −0·02) mmol/l). There was little evidence of heterogeneity in the analysis and no evidence of publication bias.

A Systematic Review published in 2020 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Acupuncture at Zusanli (ST36) might be effective in reducing injuries induced by sepsis in various organs by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. The researchers conducted a systematic review of seven databases, covering the inception of each to May 2019. They identified 54 studies that used acupuncture at ST36, a specific acupuncture point, for treating experimental sepsis, drawing from both English and Chinese literature resources. The studies reviewed suggest that acupuncture could serve as a complementary strategy in treating sepsis by reducing damage in multiple body systems: cardiac, lung, kidney, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and the immune system. It's thought to achieve these results through several mechanisms: limiting oxidative stress, managing inflammation, improving microcirculation, and upholding immune balance with the help of dopamine. Worth noting, however, is that these positive findings must be carefully considered due to the methodological quality and potential publication bias of the included studies.

A Meta-Analysis published in 2020 in the journal Complementary Therapies in Medicine found that Pomegranate juice supplementation notably diminishes inflammation and vascular dysfunction markers in adults, offering potential cardiovascular health benefits. The research used a broad approach, systematically reviewing and performing a meta-analysis of 16 randomised controlled trials including 572 participants, as per the Preferred Items for Reporting of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Relevant articles and references were found via the PubMed/Medline and SCOPUS databases, with screening carried out up until May 2019. The studies explored the impact of pomegranate juice supplements. The discussion reveals that pomegranate supplementation conspicuously reduced the levels of certain pro-inflammatory and vascular dysfunction markers. However, the research found no significant reduction in some other markers when compared to a placebo. Despite not all markers recording significant reduction, the overall findings strongly suggest pomegranate supplements as a viable tactic for reducing inflammation in adults, potentially offering cardiovascular health advantages.

A Systematic Review published in 2020 in the journal Nutrition found that Regular dietary intake of olive oil reduces the levels of certain inflammation markers, making it a beneficial alternative dietary fat, especially for managing IL-6. The methodology of this review involved summarising data from randomized controlled trials to investigate the impact of regular dietary intake of olive oil on three specific inflammatory markers: C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. These studies looked at how regular usage of olive oil as part of the diet can affect these markers and provide benefits to individuals who implement it in their dietary routine. The trials focused primarily on the Mediterranean diet, which is known for its high usage of olive oil as a main fat source. The results indicate that olive oil, when consumed on a consistent basis, can reduce the levels of inflammatory markers. It has been observed to be particularly effective in managing levels of interleukin-6. The results obtained from the review of these trials suggest that olive oil can indeed be a beneficial supplement to diet with potential impacts on managing inflammation and related diseases. They hint at potential effectiveness of olive oil as a nutritious factor in mitigating the adverse impacts of a diet high in unhealthy fats, by providing it as a healthier alternative.

A Review Article published in 2019 in the journal Applied Ecology and Environmental Research found that Chrysanthemum, rich in unique chemical compounds, offers significant health benefits such as stress relief, cardio protection, immunity boost, improved eye health, and osteoporosis risk reduction. The study primarily focuses on evaluating the most important chemical extracts of chrysanthemum. These include flavonoids, betaine, choline, and vitamin B1. Further, the researchers identified thirteen compounds unique to chrysanthemum flowers. These were extracted and analyzed to unveil their potential health benefits. In the discussion of results, the authors highlight chrysanthemum's impressive range of health benefits stemming from its chemical composition. It is revealed that chrysanthemum can potentially alleviate stress and anxiety while improving cardiovascular health. It also has properties to guard against oxidative damage and inflammation, support a healthy immune function, enhance eye health, and lessen the risk of osteoporosis. Interestingly, the herb's beneficial traits align with its traditional use in Chinese medicine, underscoring chrysanthemum's potential in promoting holistic, organic health.

A Animal Study published in 2019 in the journal Journal of Food Biochemistry found that Pomegranate rind extract has been found to decrease pain and inflammation, suggesting it could contribute to treating rheumatoid arthritis. The researchers tested the effects of various doses of pomegranate rind extract on Wistar rats within established models of pain and inflammation, such as eddy's hot plate-induced algesia, carrageenan, and Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced models. Indomethacin was also evaluated for comparison. Researchers used bioactive compounds such as phenolics and flavanoids, both of which are known for their potent antioxidant activity. The results observed showed that a dose of 200 mg/kg of pomegranate led to a clear reduction in paw swelling in the rats in both inflammation models. The data further revealed an increase in pain threshold. Through these results, it was determined that pomegranate extract acts to reduce pain and inflammation by inhibiting the activation of a number of inflammatory markers. Furthermore, this study presents the first report on the inhibitory mechanism of these markers by pomegranate rind extract, which is enriched with tannins and flavanoids.

A Systematic Review published in 2019 in the journal Frontiers in Neurology found that Acupuncture therapy seems effective for motor function, pain relief and activities of daily living in stroke patients with mild Shoulder-Hand Syndrome, when it is used in combination with rehabilitation. This systematic review shows that adding acupuncture to routine rehabilitation can improve clinical outcomes (pain and motor function) for people with mild post-stroke SHS. However, the evidence was assessed as “low” by GRADE due to the methodological limitations and heterogeneity of included studies, which made our certainty in recommending acupuncture for this condition in clinical practice as “low.” Well-designed placebo-controlled RCTs with a long treatment duration and follow up, as well as standardized reporting, are needed to support acupuncture's safe and effective use in the management of post-stroke SHS.

A Systematic Review published in 2019 in the journal Nutrients found that Bioactive compounds present in different parts of radishes, such as leaves, sprouts, stem and roots, act on a variety of potential drug targets associated with ailments, such as cancer, inflammation, liver injury and diabetes. Radishes is of great pharmaceutical importance, most of which has been attributed to its antioxidant property. The administration of radish extracts under numerous pathological conditions aids in the recovery of diseases and in the prevention of harmful ailments because of their attributed bioactivities. Bioactive compounds present in different parts of radishes, such as leaves, sprouts, stem and roots, act on a variety of potential drug targets associated with ailments, such as cancer, inflammation, liver injury and diabetes. However, the in-depth molecular mechanistic studies are required to address the regulatory roles of bioactive compounds in radish extracts. In future, researches focusing on the determination and pharmacokinetic elucidation of the bioactive compounds in radishes could facilitate the designing of plant based drugs for life threatening disorders, such as cancer and diabetes. Overall, the knowledge gained from the present researches in radish should be utilized in the discovery of novel drug molecules with higher efficacy towards drug targeting with less side effects.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2019 in the journal Nutrients found that Daily consumption of tart cherry juice for 12 weeks showed anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties which may reduce blood pressure and lower LDL cholesterol in older adults. In the randomized-controlled clinical trial conducted, 37 participants aged between 65 and 80 were given either 480 mL of tart cherry juice or a control drink to consume daily for a span of 12 weeks. Blood biomarkers linked to inflammation and oxidative stress were analyzed both at the start and after the 12 weeks intervention. Post the intervention period, levels of several inflammation and oxidative stress blood biomarkers in the tart cherry juice group observed notable differences compared to the control group. Particularly, a perceivable elevation in DNA repair activity coupled with a reduced mean c-reactive protein level was seen. Furthermore, a significant group effect was seen in plasma levels of c-reactive protein and malondialdehyde, with a slightly less significant effect observed for oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Post- intervention plasma levels showed a decreasing trend, with c-reactive protein, malondialdehyde, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein falling by 25%, 3%, and 11% respectively compared to the baseline values.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2019 in the journal Food & Function found that Daily consumption of tart cherry juice may enhance cognitive abilities in older adults, likely due to reduction of hypertension, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In this randomized controlled trial, 37 adults aged between 65 and 80 years with normal cognitive function were assigned to consume two cups of Montmorency tart cherry juice daily for a duration of 12 weeks. Participants' subjective memory and objective cognitive performance were evaluated at the starting point and after the 12-week juice supplementation using a validated memory questionnaire and a standard assortment of tests designed for cognitive assessment. Factors such as daily caloric intake and physical activity levels were also monitored during the study. After the 12-week intervention, participants who consumed tart cherry juice showed an improvement in their contentment with memory scores, demonstrated decreased scores of movement time, and performed better on a task of paired associates learning when compared to the control group. Notably, the results revealed that the tart cherry juice group demonstrated improvements on measures of visual sustained attention and spatial working memory relative to their own baseline values. These findings suggest that the potential benefits of tart cherry juice to cognitive abilities might be attributed to the juice's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and its capacity to reduce blood pressure.

A Review Article published in 2019 in the journal Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease found that Cherries and their products have antioxidant properties, the capacity to inhibit the acute inflammatory response to urate crystals, and the ability to decrease bone resorption that is characteristic of gouty bone erosions. Phenolics, and more specifically, the anthocyanins found abundantly in cherries, have been linked to the inhibition of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, COX-I and COX-II, as well as the downregulation of NFkB-mediated osteoclastogenesis, suggesting that cherries may have the ability to reduce both acute and chronic inflammation that play a role in recurrent gout flares and chronic destructive arthropathy. Additionally, cyanidin-3-glucoside enhanced genes related to osteoblast differentiation, suggesting that anthocyanins may also play a role in bone formation.

A Systematic Review published in 2018 in the journal Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care found that Most bioactive walnut micronutrients synergize to affect multiple metabolic pathways leading to protection from chronic noncommunicable diseases. Nuts in general and walnuts in particular are in the limelight for the association of their consumption with improved health outcomes. Walnuts have an optimal composition in bioactive nutrients and recent clinical and experimental studies have uncovered a number of beneficial effects of walnut micronutrients, working in isolation or in concert, on metabolic pathways and clinical outcomes that make this review timely and relevant. Alpha-linolenic acid, a critical walnut component, is metabolized into bioactive oxylipins, has been shown to protect microglial cells from inflammation, and is associated with lower fatal myocardial infarction rates through a putative antiarrhythmic effect. Phytosterols relate to the cholesterol-lowering effect of nut consumption. Nonsodium minerals are associated with better cardiometabolic health. Walnut phytomelatonin has anticancer effects that are shared by the main walnut polyphenols and their metabolites, ellagitannins and urolithins, respectively. This review highlights new evidence on the health-promoting properties of walnuts and their main micronutrient components. The conclusion is that walnuts are optimal healthful foods.

A Systematic Review published in 2018 in the journal Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine found that Stimulating acupoints had positive effects on childhood cough variant asthma and was a relatively safe treatment. In the study, we found out that the therapeutic effect of stimulating-acupoint group was much better than that of control group in the treatment of childhood cough variant asthma, and the difference was statistically significant. A major strength of our review was that our meta-analysis of 13 studies involving 1,112 participants, the enlarged sample size and accumulating evidence provided more reliable estimates. Furthermore, the original trails included in our study were all prospective, which reduced the selection bias and likelihood of recall bias. The results indicate that stimulating acupoints has a positive effect on cough variant asthma in children, leading to the decreased recurrence rate and cough duration as well as the reducing of eosinophils and IgE. However, the poor methodological quality of the trials lack of persuasiveness, so high quality RCTs with more useful indicators are needed in the future studies.

A Review Article published in 2018 in the journal Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies found that Acupuncture effectively manages a range of post-spinal cord injury complications, including motor and sensory dysfunction, pain, neurogenic bowel and bladder, pressure ulcers, spasticity, and osteoporosis. The effect of acupuncture on post-spinal cord injury orthostatic hypotension and sexual dysfunction remains unclear. Decreased oxidative stress, inhibition of inflammation and neuronal apoptosis, regulation of the expression and activity of endogenous biological mediators, and increased regenerative stem cell production are the possible mechanisms of acupuncture therapy for spinal cord injury. Although many limitations have been reported in previous studies, given the evidence for the efficacy of acupuncture, we recommend that physicians should support the use of acupuncture therapy for SCI complications.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2018 in the journal American Journal of Therapeutics found that Cherry juice increases sleep time and efficiency in older adults with insomnia, potentially due to its inhibition of a process that degrades tryptophan and stimulates inflammation. The study followed a placebo-controlled balanced crossover design, with subjects older than 50 years old with insomnia being randomized to either placebo or cherry juice consumption twice daily for two weeks, with a two-week washout period in between. Sleep was evaluated using polysomnography and five validated questionnaires, while serum measurements were conducted for several bio-indicators. In vitro studies were also performed to determine the ability of cherry juice components to inhibit a specific physiological process. The study found that sleep time increased by 84 minutes per polysomnography evaluations and sleep efficiency increased per the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Serum measurements revealed decreased levels of certain bio-indicators suggesting reduced inflammation. In vitro studies also found that components present in cherry juice inhibited a specific process that degrades the amino acid tryptophan, potentially leading to these improved sleep outcomes. Other questionnaires, however, showed no significant differences in results.

A Experimental Study published in 2018 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that The Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen formula appears to slow down chronic kidney disease progression by inhibiting inflammation via the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway. In the method used for this study, a rat model was established using a 5/6 nephrectomy process. The rats were then segregated into two groups: one group given the Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen formula treatment, and another group that served as a control. The formula, measured at a dosage of 2.06g/kg per day, was administered to the rats via gavage over a six-week period. The results from this study revealed that the Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen formula treatment led to a substantial improvement in kidney function and a reduction in pathological injury in the rat model. A Multiplex analysis of various cytokines indicated that the formula triggered a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Additionally, the formula was found to inhibit the activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway that is typically associated with inflammation.

A Systematic Review published in 2017 in the journal The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine found that Acupuncture-related techniques could be considered as an alternative or adjuvant therapy for psoriasis in short term. A total of 13 RCTs with 1,060 participants were included. The methodological quality of included studies was not rigorous. Acupoint stimulation, compared with nonacupoint stimulation, had a significant treatment for psoriasis. However, the most common adverse events were thirst and dry mouth. Subgroup analysis was further done to confirm that the short-term treatment effect was superior to that of the long-term effect in treating psoriasis. Network meta-analysis identified acupressure or acupoint catgut embedding, compared with medication, and had a significant effect for improving psoriasis. It was noted that acupressure was the most effective treatment.

A Experimental Study published in 2017 in the journal Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition found that Coffee consumption, particularly caffeinated coffee, predominantly exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, contrasting with caffeine's complex impact on inflammation. The study analysed 15 clinical trials concerning the impact of coffee, caffeine, or coffee components on inflammatory markers. Of these, eight focused on coffee and seven on caffeine with no regard for publication date. These trials tested, under varying conditions, the effect of coffee or caffeine consumption against placebos, or compared inflammatory marker levels before and after consumption. There was no discrimination of the used coffee's processing method, whether filtered or medium/dark roasted. The study discovered that, out of the seven trials comparing filtered coffee/caffeinated coffee with a placebo, or comparing baseline levels versus post-consumption, adiponectin levels increased in four. On the other hand, caffeine trials showed no change. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels remained unchanged in all five studies that considered the effects of coffee. Interestingly, only one out of three trials showed decreased CPR levels in reaction to caffeine. Additionally, Interleukin (IL)-6 level increased when caffeinated coffee was compared with placebo in one out of four coffee trials and with caffeine in three out of five studies. Finally, caffeine consumption resulted in increased IL-10 levels in two out of three trials.

A Experimental Study published in 2017 in the journal Tissue and Cell found that Coconut water and milk demonstrate protective effects against ulceration, reducing inflammation, promoting cell proliferation and supporting mucosal homeostasis. The study was conducted in two phases using 45 male wistar rats divided into 9 groups. The first phase involved treatment of five groups with different substances: normal saline, 95% ethanol, coconut water, coconut milk, and Omeprazole. Ulceration was induced with 95% ethanol except in the saline-control group. The second phase involved four groups: a control group, an ulcer control group receiving acetic acid, a group receiving coconut milk and another receiving Omeprazole. Drug treatments were administered twice daily for 3-6 days post-ulcer induction. Afterwards, blood was collected for haemocytometry and gastric tissues were harvested for histological examinations. In this study, both coconut water and milk, as well as Omeprazole, led to reduced ulcer scores and gastric lesion indices compared to the ulcer control groups. They also resulted in significantly lower white blood cell, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts compared to the ulcer and overall control groups. Coconut milk, in particular, was associated with a significant reduction in C-reactive protein. The experimental treatments also led to reduced neutrophil infiltration and an increase in mucus cell density. Notably, the coconut milk group showed significantly higher expressions of EGFR and CD31, indicating catalysis of mucosa homeostasis through angiogenesis and mucosal cell proliferation.

A Review Article published in 2017 in the journal Trends in Food Science & Technology found that The claimed health benefits of coix include anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-allergy, enhancing immunological activity, regulating endocrine functions, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, gastroprotection, hypolipidemia, and modulating gut microbiota. Coix seeds contain a range of bioactive components including polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, polyphenols, phytosterols, carotenoids, spiroenone and lactams. The chemical constituents of coix contribute to a range of medical and nutritional benefits. These claimed health benefits include anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-allergy, enhancing immunological activity, regulating endocrine functions, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, gastroprotection, hypolipidemia, and modulating gut microbiota. The bioactivity of coix depends on the varieties as well as the sample preparation methods such as the solvent type. Coix seed is rich in starch and has similar processing properties of other cereals for food formulation. Coix can be further developed as a healthy grain for human consumption.

A Clinical Study published in 2017 in the journal Food & Function found that Blueberry intake for four weeks decreased levels of a biomarker for oxidative DNA damage in postmenopausal women with pre and early stage hypertension. In the experiment, a randomized, parallel-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out with 40 postmenopausal women, aged 45 to 65 years, who were either pre or at stage 1 of hypertension. The participants were randomly divided into two, where one group ingested 22 g of freeze-dried highbush blueberry powder every day and the other a placebo. The biomarkers for oxidative DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and antioxidant defense were evaluated at the commencement, in the middle, and at the end of the eight week period. The levels of the biomarker for oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), were found to drop significantly in the group consuming blueberries at the end of the fourth week when compared to the placebo group. However, the levels didn't show a significant difference between the groups at the end of the eighth week. No noteworthy changes were observed in the other measured biomarkers as a result of blueberry consumption.

A Experimental Study published in 2016 in the journal Scientific Reports found that The component pterostilbene, found naturally in blueberries, shows potential in preventing inflammation and oxidative stress on the human cornea, suggesting protection against dry eyes. This research employed an in vitro culture model of human corneal epithelial cells, exposing these cells to a hyperosmotic medium. Gene expression was observed via RT-qPCR, while protein production or activity was found using methods including ELISA, zymography, Western blotting, and immunofluorescent staining. Reactive oxygen species' production was also monitored using a DCFDA kit. Pterostilbene was administered and its effects on the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species production were subsequently observed. The results showed that in corneal cells exposed to hyperosmotic medium, the addition of pterostilbene resulted in a notable decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and suppressed overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, pterostilbene also showed a significant decrease in the levels of oxidative damage biomarkers; it was found to rebalance homeostasis between oxygenases and anti-oxidative enzymes, demonstrating that pterostilbene has potentially protective effects on the human cornea from inflammation and oxidative stress.

A Clinical Study published in 2016 in the journal Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition found that Powdered tart cherry supplementation surrounding endurance exercise can decrease muscle damage markers, inflammation, oxidative stress and muscle soreness, while improving performance. In this study, 27 endurance-trained runners were matched based on their race pace, age, body mass, and fat-free mass. The runners were split into two groups in a double-blind manner: a placebo group given capsules containing 480 mg of rice flour and a tart cherries group given CherryPURE® capsules. These were ingested daily for 10 days, including on the day of the half-marathon and up to 48 hours post-race. The results showed that runners given tart cherry supplementation completed their half-marathon faster (by 13%) than those given a placebo. Moreover, the tart cherry group had less muscle damage markers over time, a steady increase in antioxidant activity during recovery, 47% lower inflammatory markers, and a 34% lower pre-run soreness in the medial quadriceps compared to the placebo group. These results demonstrate the beneficial effects of tart cherry supplementation on performance and recovery in aerobically trained individuals.

A Review Article published in 2015 in the journal Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity found that Maintenance of sufficient vitamin D status may be important in preventing anemia, particularly in diseases characterized by inflammation. Vitamin D has previously been found to be associated with anemia in various healthy and diseased populations. Recent studies indicate that the association may differ between race and ethnic groups and is likely specific to anemia of inflammation. The mechanism underlying this association involves the reduction of proinflammatory cytokines by vitamin D and the direct suppression of hepcidin mRNA transcription. There is also evidence that vitamin D may be protective against anemia by supporting erythropoiesis. Other calciotropic hormones including fibroblast growth factor 23, and parathyroid hormone have also been found to be associated with iron homeostasis and erythropoiesis.

A Clinical Study published in 2015 in the journal Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition found that Taking a powdered tart cherry supplement before and after intense resistance exercise can decrease muscle soreness, recovery strength loss, and signs of muscle damage. In the methodology of this study, 23 healthy, resistance-trained men were chosen and paired based on relative maximal back squat strength, age, body weight, and fat-free mass. They were randomly assigned to ingest capsules containing either a placebo or powdered tart cherries for 10 days, including on the day of exercise as well as 48-hours post-exercise. The subjects performed ten sets of ten repetitions at 70% of a 1-RM back squat exercise. Fasting blood samples were taken along with isokinetic MVCs and quadriceps muscle soreness ratings before the exercise and at various intervals after the exercise. In terms of the results, muscle soreness was found to be lower in the group that consumed the tart cherry supplement over the course of the exercise. Furthermore, this group showed lesser changes in serum levels of creatinine and total protein. However, no significant effects were observed for serum inflammatory or anti-inflammatory markers and no significant changes in free radical production, lipid peroxidation, or antioxidant capacity markers were seen amongst the group that took the tart cherry supplement. The group that took the supplement also showed greater changes in whole blood lymphocyte counts from before the exercise, but their lymphocyte counts returned faster to pre-exercise values compared to the placebo group.

A Systematic Review published in 2014 in the journal The Journal of Nutrition found that Polyphenolic compounds found in walnuts not only reduce the oxidant and inflammatory load on brain cells but also improve interneuronal signaling, increase neurogenesis, and enhance sequestration of insoluble toxic protein aggregates. In conclusion, age-related increases in oxidative stress and inflammation, especially when coupled with metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunction, lead to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. This process of brain aging occurs even in the absence of specific neurodegenerative diseases. Although most chronic neurodegenerative diseases cannot currently be cured, preventive measures earlier in life can protect cognitive function in old age and may prevent or delay the onset of debilitating neurodegenerative diseases. Dietary interventions provide a safe and palatable means of modifying the body's internal environment and, importantly, the neuronal environment within the brain. Walnut polyphenols and tocopherols can reduce oxidative stress and inflammation; furthermore, PUFAs help maintain neuronal membrane integrity and attenuate protein aggregation involved in AD. In rodent studies, the addition of dietary walnuts, equivalent to a single serving of walnuts for humans, was sufficient to improve both motor and cognitive behavior in aged animals. In humans, the inclusion of walnuts in the diet improved cardiovascular health, which is itself a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases and age-related cognitive decline. Taken together, this evidence suggests that the integration of walnuts into a healthy diet could be an effective means of prolonging health spans, slowing the processes of brain aging, and reducing the risk of chronic neurodegenerative disease.

A Review Article published in 2014 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Honey proves to be an effective, cost-efficient treatment for diabetic wounds due to its natural properties, including antibacterial activity and control over inflammation. The researchers reviewed the role of honey in healing diabetic wounds, specifically focusing on its antibacterial properties. They examined the honey's ability to combat several microorganisms that are involved in the wound process, and assessed the extent of its antioxidant activity, which plays a key role in controlling inflammation. They also analyzed how honey was used in traditional medicine and compared it to its current resurgence in treating diabetic wounds. In their discussion of results, the researchers found that honey appears to work more effectively on diabetic wounds compared to other synthetic medications. The studies suggested that honey could be a safer, faster, and more economical healing agent for diabetic wounds due to its effectiveness against microbial resistance. Furthermore, honey's unique natural features as a wound healer demonstrated strong potential in the wound healing process, affirming its traditional claims.

A Experimental Study published in 2014 in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine found that Honey, specifically its polyphenols, show promising signs of enhancing memory and counteracting neurodegenerative diseases by reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. The research focuses on the analysis of the nootropic and neuropharmacological benefits of honey, with particular emphasis on its polyphenol constituents. Essentially, honey's nutritional and physiological effects on memory enhancement and various neurological activities have been examined. This study delves into the mechanistic approach in which honey, as a natural compound, can mitigate oxidative stress while enhancing the cellular antioxidant defense system - a cue to its potential role in neutralizing reactive oxygen species that have harmful effects on neurological health. The findings from the research suggest that honey and its polyphenols play a noteworthy role in neuronal health. They display a potential ability to improve memory deficits and other neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, honey polyphenols have been associated with apoptosis activities and the reduction of microglia-induced neuroinflammation. Furthermore, the direct involvement of these polyphenols in synaptic plasticity was found, which could have a substantial effect on the behavior-modulating neural circuitry. Overall, these findings indicate the possible therapeutic value of honey and its polyphenols on the health of the neurological system.

A Review Article published in 2013 in the journal Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry found that Blueberries, due to their phenolic compounds, show potential as both dietary and supplemental anti-cancer agents by inhibiting cancer cell growth and promoting apoptosis. The researchers synthesized evidence from previous in vitro, in vivo, and a limited number of clinical studies to evaluate the anti-cancer efficacy of blueberries. These studies primarily focused on the fruit's phenolic compounds, which are known for their high antioxidant capacity. The mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer effects of blueberries were analyzed, such as their capacity to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory molecules, oxidative stress, and products of oxidative stress like DNA damage. In the discussion of the results, it was found that blueberries manifest their anti-cancer properties through the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. This makes them promising functional foods and nutritional supplements. The evidence strongly indicates the high potential of blueberries as a preventive measure against carcinogenesis, solidifying their position as an anti-cancer fruit. The potential of blueberries in this field certainly demands further exploration.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2013 in the journal Osteoarthritis and Cartilage found that Tart cherry juice potentially helps alleviate symptoms of mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis and decreases the levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein. The study involved 58 non-diabetic participants with grade 2-3 osteoarthritis as categorized by Kellgren. Participants were randomly assigned to consume two 8-ounce bottles of either tart cherry juice or a placebo daily for six weeks. There was a one-week washout period before participants switched to the alternate treatment in a crossover design. The research measured participants' Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Index scores and walking times before and after each treatment. Levels of plasma urate, creatinine, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein were also noted at baseline and after each treatment. Acetaminophen was permitted as a rescue drug with self-reporting after each treatment period. There was a noticeable reduction in Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Index scores following the cherry juice treatment, an effect not observed with the placebo. High sensitivity C-reactive protein also showed a decrease during the cherry juice treatment. The reduction in high sensitivity C-reactive protein was consistent with the improvement observed in osteoarthritis index scores. However, consumption of tart cherry juice didn't significantly affect walking time, usage of acetaminophen, or plasma urate and creatinine levels.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2013 in the journal Osteoarthritis and Cartilage found that Tart cherry juice shows promise in easing knee osteoarthritis symptoms. This study included 58 patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) who were given either cherry juice or a placebo. While both groups showed some improvement in WOMAC scores, the cherry juice group experienced a 15% improvement, compared to 6% in the placebo group. However, this difference wasn't statistically significant. The cherry juice group also saw a 23% reduction in hsCRP (an inflammation marker), whereas the placebo group had a 51% increase. This suggests an anti-inflammatory effect of cherry juice. The study notes some limitations, including small sample size and the need for further research. Overall, cherry juice may offer benefits for OA patients.

A Systematic Review published in 2013 in the journal Clinical Rheumatology found that Chinese herbal medicine may help in functional recovery in gout patients, while safely controlling serum uric acid level and inflammation severity. This systematic review evaluated a total of 57 randomized clinical trials on Chinese herbal medicine for gout up to December 2012, involving 4,527 patients. The methodology employed the Cochrane risk of bias tool to assess the quality of these trials and used RevMan 5.2 software to synthesize results. However, the overall quality of these trials was generally poor and none reported on health-related quality of life in patients. Through the trials evaluated, it was found that Chinese herbal medicine may not be significantly more effective than conventional medicines in terms of pain relief. However, when combined with conventional medicines, herbal medicine may exhibit better effectiveness. In trials that reported relief from function limitations, herbal remedies showed improved efficacy over standard treatments. However, there was no evidence to suggest that herbal medicine could prevent recurrence of gout. In closing, the review noted that 25 trials out of 41 found significance in lowering serum uric acid levels through the use of Chinese herbal medicine. Further, herbal medicine seemed more effective in inflammation relief when compared to conventional therapies. Importantly, data suggested the herbal treatments resulted in fewer side reactions as compared to conventional treatment methods.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2012 in the journal Journal of Food Studies found that Tart cherry juice may lessen inflammation, thus reducing pain in women with osteoarthritis, according to changes noted in specific inflammatory serum biomarkers. This study used a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial design, involving twenty women with inflammatory osteoarthritis, aged between 40 to 70 years. The participants were given 10.5 ounce bottles of tart cherry juice or a placebo cherry drink to consume twice daily for a span of 21 consecutive days. Pain was assessed at the start and the end of the intervention period. At these same junctures, blood samples were collected to monitor the influence of the juice on serum biomarkers of inflammation: C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-10, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha. The results depicted that the group consuming tart cherry juice experienced a significant reduction in the serum biomarker, C-Reactive Protein, an indication of lowered inflammation. This is suggestive that tart cherry juice could be an efficient way of reducing inflammation, and subsequently, the pain experienced by women suffering from osteoarthritis.

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