Citrus Peel

Presentation Slides

Chinese Medicine Research Hub

Systematic Review

D-Limonene, a bioactive compound found in citrus peels, shows potential anticancer activity and is better tolerated in breast cancer patients compared to its derivative perillyl alcohol.

2021 BMC Cancer Effect of d-limonene and its derivatives on breast cancer in human trials: a scoping review and narrative synthesis
Chebet JJ, Ehiri JE, McClelland DJ, Taren D, Hakim IA

Chinese Medicine Research Hub

Mandarin peel oil induced preferential inhibition of human prostate cancer cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner.

2020 Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods Estimation of mandarin peel oil–induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human normal fibroblast and cancerous prostate cell lines
Hussien NA, Mohamed HRH.

Chinese Medicine Research Hub

Randomised Controlled Trial

Supplementation with a kudzu flower and mandarin peel extract dose of 1150 mg/day seems to be an acceptable option for reducing hot flashes symptoms, as well as improving bone turnover, compared with the placebo group, during the menopausal transition.

2020 Nutrients Efficacy and Safety of Kudzu Flower–Mandarin Peel on Hot Flashes and Bone Markers in Women during the Menopausal Transition: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Kim JE, Jeong H, Hur S, Lee J, Kwon O.

Chinese Medicine Research Hub

Review Article

Citrus peel flavonoids exhibit a remarkable spectrum of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiproliferation, antiangiogenesis, antioxidant, cell cycle regulation, and antimetastasis effects.

2020 Current Developments in Nutrition Citrus Peel Flavonoids as Potential Cancer Prevention Agents
Nooshin Koolaji, Balakrishnan Shammugasamy, Aaron Schindeler, Qihan Dong, Fariba Dehghani, Peter Valtchev

Executive Summary

Write an executive summary in the form of a blog article on the topic of "Research into Chinese medicine treatment for Citrus Peel" summarising the research below and using language that can be easily understood by patients and avoiding medical jargon using a professional and caring tone of voice.

Write an executive summary in the form of a blog article on the topic of "Researched Chinese medicine treatments for Citrus Peel" summarising the research below in an objective and easy to understand way, and using language that can be easily understood by patients. Group the article into Chinese medicine treatments first, followed by nutrition and other treatments. Avoid using medical jargon and use a professional and caring tone of voice.

Write me a concise but easy to understand executive summary on the topic of "Chinese medicine treatments for Citrus Peel" based on the following research that I will give you. Your summary should be 2 paragraphs long in Australian English spelling and include references to the studies.

A Systematic Review published in 2021 in the journal BMC Cancer found that D-Limonene, a bioactive compound found in citrus peels, shows potential anticancer activity and is better tolerated in breast cancer patients compared to its derivative perillyl alcohol. For the methodology, the researchers conducted a comprehensive scoping review. They included peer-reviewed journal articles that reported on the effects of d-limonene and its derivatives on breast cancer in human subjects. They retrieved articles from academic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane reviews, and also through iterative review of bibliographies of relevant manuscripts. Titles and abstracts underwent a first round of screening against the inclusion criteria, followed by consensus meetings and full article review which resulted in the selection of a final set of studies. The results were reported in accordance with the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. In the discussion of the results, out of 367 records, five articles reporting on both phase 1 and phase 2 trials were included in the final review. Studies assessing the effect of d-limonene indicated it was well tolerated in participants and demonstrated that d-limonene concentrated in breast tissue could cause a reduction in tumor cyclin D1 expression, associated with halting tumor proliferation. Trials with perillyl alcohol, however, showed low tolerance and no effect on breast cancer. The analysis did not reveal a meaningful change in serum biomarkers linked with breast cancer, with the exception of an increase in insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, which is typically associated with higher cancer risk.

A published in 2020 in the journal Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods found that Mandarin peel oil induced preferential inhibition of human prostate cancer cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. The time-dependent induction of DNA breaks demonstrated in PC3 cells treated with MPO safe concentration-stimulated ROS generation and apoptotic DNA damage through increased expression of tumor suppressor p53 and Bax genes and decreased expression of Bcl2 and MDM2 genes. In contrast, non-significant changes were observed in the DNA integrity, ROS levels and expressions of the tested genes in the normal HFB4 cells treated with MPO. Thus, we concluded that MPO induced preferential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects toward cancerous PC3 with no noticeable toxic effects in normal HFB4 cells and therefore further in vivo studies are recommended to test its possible use as anticancer drugs.

A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2020 in the journal Nutrients found that Supplementation with a kudzu flower and mandarin peel extract dose of 1150 mg/day seems to be an acceptable option for reducing hot flashes symptoms, as well as improving bone turnover, compared with the placebo group, during the menopausal transition. The results of this randomized controlled clinical trial involving 84 peri- and post-menopausal women with moderate hot flashes support the hypothesis that kudzu flower and mandarin peel extract might be an effective intervention for achieving reductions in HFs and improvements in bone turnover markers, as compared with the placebo.

A Review Article published in 2020 in the journal Current Developments in Nutrition found that Citrus peel flavonoids exhibit a remarkable spectrum of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiproliferation, antiangiogenesis, antioxidant, cell cycle regulation, and antimetastasis effects. This review has summarized a selection of the key preclinical and clinical studies that show an anticancer utility for citrus-derived flavonoids. This property is linked to the chemical structures of flavonoids, which can dramatically affect a range of molecular and cellular mechanisms for inhibiting cancer initiation and progression. Overall, citrus flavonoids act not only as free radical scavengers but also as modulators of several key molecular events implicated in cell survival and apoptosis.

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