Vitamin C
Recent Insights
High doses of vitamin C, vitamin D supplementation and natural honey can potentially decrease fatalities and support the management of COVID-19.
Honey Vitamin C
In jujube fruit, the contents of sugar, vitamin C, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are around 2, 100, and 1000 times those of apple, respectively.
cAMP Jujube Vitamin C
Consuming two SunGold kiwifruits daily over 12 weeks improved vitamin C status, reduced blood pressure, waist measurements and altered faecal microbiota composition in prediabetic individuals.
Gut Microbiota High Blood Pressure Kiwifruit
Consuming two kiwifruits daily can improve overall mood, particularly for individuals starting with moderate mood disturbance.
Depression Kiwifruit Mental Health
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Research Articles
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Effects of pomegranate juice consumption on sperm quality, spermatogenic cell density, antioxidant activity and testosterone level in male rats
2024 Apr Clinical Nutrition Türk G, Sönmez M, Aydin M, Yüce A, Gür S, Yüksel M, et al.
PJ consumption resulted in a significant decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) level and significant increases in glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) activities, and vitamin C levels. Additionally, PJ improved epididymal sperm concentration, sperm motility, spermatogenic cell density, seminiferous tubule diameter, germinal cell layer thickness, and decreased abnormal sperm rates in comparison to the control group, suggesting that PJ consumption enhances sperm quality and antioxidant activity in rats.
Experimental Study Animal Study Pomegranate Sperm Quality AntioxidantThe Role of Kiwifruit in Supporting Psychological Well-Being: A Rapid Review of the Literature
2022 Nov 03 Nutrients Billows M, Kakoschke N, Zajac IT
Review Article Mental Health Mood Fatigue KiwifruitEating two gold kiwifruit daily can lead to significant improvements in mood and energy, thereby boosting psychological well-being in adults.
Dietary supplements for treatment of endometriosis: A review
2022 Mar 14 Acta Biomedica Yalçın Bahat P, Ayhan I, Üreyen Özdemir E, İnceboz Ümit, Oral E
Review ArticleDietary supplements are found to be a promising complementary treatment for endometriosis, thanks to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and immune modulatory characteristics.
Impact of supplemental vitamins and natural honey for treatment of COVID-19: A review
2022 Jan Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Rabby MII, Hossain F, Islam MA, Islam AKMS, Akhi IJ, Akter F
Review Article Honey Vitamin CHigh doses of vitamin C, vitamin D supplementation and natural honey can potentially decrease fatalities and support the management of COVID-19.
The Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin C for Iron Supplementation in Adult Patients With Iron Deficiency Anemia
2020 Nov 02 JAMA Oncology Li N, Zhao G, Wu W, Zhang M, Liu W, Chen Q, et al.
Among patients with IDA, oral iron supplements alone were equivalent to oral iron supplements plus vitamin C in improving hemoglobin recovery and iron absorption. These findings suggest that on-demand vitamin C supplements are not essential to take along with oral iron supplements for patients with IDA.
Randomised Controlled Trial Iron Deficiency Anaemia Anaemia Vitamin CResearch Insights
Insights are moderated by the Research Hub team and offer an at-a-glance overview of interesting research findings.
Eating two gold kiwifruit daily can lead to significant improvements in mood and energy, thereby boosting psychological well-being in adults.
2022 Nutrients The Role of Kiwifruit in Supporting Psychological Well-Being: A Rapid Review of the Literature Billows M, Kakoschke N, Zajac IT
Review Article Fatigue Kiwifruit Mental Health
The study conducted a literature review through databases like CINAHL, Embase, and PubMed, searching for English language articles published from 2005 to July 2022. These articles had to be randomized trials involving kiwifruit interventions targeting adults and assessing psychological well-being. The researchers used the Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tool to evaluate potential bias in these trials. After the search, they selected two suitable trials involving 202 participants.
In discussing the results, the evidence found shows that regularly consuming two gold kiwifruits daily was linked with a significant decrease in mood disturbance and fatigue, and a significant increase in vigor and overall well-being. These effects were more pronounced in participants who had more significant initial mood disturbances. The study concluded by underlining the potential utility of consuming gold kiwifruit daily to promote improved psychological health.
Dietary supplements are found to be a promising complementary treatment for endometriosis, thanks to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and immune modulatory characteristics.
2022 Acta Biomedica Dietary supplements for treatment of endometriosis: A review Yalçın Bahat P, Ayhan I, Üreyen Özdemir E, İnceboz Ümit, Oral E
Review Article
The researchers conducted a comprehensive literature review and synthesized the effects of various dietary supplements. The list of supplements includes vitamin D, zinc, magnesium, omega 3, propolis, quercetin, curcumin, N-acetylcysteine, probiotics, resveratrol, alpha lipoic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate. These were studied due to their known anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative, and immune modulatory characteristics.
In terms of discussion on the results, the findings from the comprehensive literature review, encompassing in vitro, animal and human studies, show that there might be significant potential for dietary supplements as a complementary treatment to conventional therapy for endometriosis. Each supplement displayed attributes contributing to the mitigation of endometriosis symptoms, whether it was through anti-inflammatory means, antioxidant effects, immune modulation or their anti-proliferative properties. Despite variations between different kinds of supplements, the overall consensus indicates these function as a helpful add-on in managing the disease.
High doses of vitamin C, vitamin D supplementation and natural honey can potentially decrease fatalities and support the management of COVID-19.
2022 Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Impact of supplemental vitamins and natural honey for treatment of COVID-19: A review Rabby MII, Hossain F, Islam MA, Islam AKMS, Akhi IJ, Akter F
Review Article Honey
The team undertook a systematic analysis of existing literature and pertinent clinical trials to evaluate the potential of vitamin C, vitamin D, and natural honey intervention during the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic. This assessment aimed to determine the impact of these substances upon the outcomes of COVID-19, particularly in reducing respiratory damage and potentially improving patient immunity.
The research revealed that substantial doses of vitamin C illustrated to lower lung damage and reduce intensive care stay duration for COVID-19 patients. It was observed that vitamin D deficiency is common among individuals living in institutions, and having supplements could aid in defending against respiratory infections. Natural honey, due to its antiviral effects and immune-enhancement capacities, also displayed promising results in treating COVID-19. The acquired evidence drove the belief that administering vitamin C, vitamin D, and natural honey, along with the existing treatment protocols, could potentially be a compelling method to decrease fatalities associated with COVID-19.
In jujube fruit, the contents of sugar, vitamin C, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are around 2, 100, and 1000 times those of apple, respectively.
2020 Horticulture Research The historical and current research progress on jujube-a superfruit for the future Liu, M., Wang, J., Wang, L. et al.
Review Article cAMP Jujube
The fruit is particularly rich in nutrients, and its contents of sugar, vitamin C and B, cyclic nucleotide, proline, triterpenic acid, potassium, iron, and zinc are the highest among many fruits. The contents of sugar, vitamin C, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are around 2, 100, and 1000 times those of apple, respectively. The fruit is also a rich source of polysaccharides, triterpenic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and pigments.
Eggplant may possibly be used in the treatment of anemia, atherosclerosis, and fatty degeneration.
2020 Applied Sciences Biochemical Composition of Eggplant Fruits: A Review Meenakshi Sharma and Prashant Kaushik
Systematic Review Eggplant
Eggplant is progressively becoming more well-known due to its composition of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and several other bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids. Eggplant also contains traces of minerals such as copper, zinc, and iron. Due to this biochemical composition, eggplant may possibly be used in the treatment of anemia, atherosclerosis, and fatty degeneration. Its antioxidant property potentially reduces the risk of various types of cancer, protects against cardiovascular diseases, and prevents acute respiratory infections. Further, eggplant fibers help in digestion by removing toxins and harmful materials from the stomach and reducing colon cancer. Plant polyphenols present in eggplants can help protect cell membranes and boost the brain’s memory function.
Review Articles
Review articles summarise and critically evaluate the current state of research on a specific topic or field by synthesising multiple primary research studies.
The Role of Kiwifruit in Supporting Psychological Well-Being: A Rapid Review of the Literature
2022 Nov 03 Nutrients Billows M, Kakoschke N, Zajac IT
Review Article Mental Health Mood Fatigue KiwifruitEating two gold kiwifruit daily can lead to significant improvements in mood and energy, thereby boosting psychological well-being in adults.
Dietary supplements for treatment of endometriosis: A review
2022 Mar 14 Acta Biomedica Yalçın Bahat P, Ayhan I, Üreyen Özdemir E, İnceboz Ümit, Oral E
Review ArticleDietary supplements are found to be a promising complementary treatment for endometriosis, thanks to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and immune modulatory characteristics.
Impact of supplemental vitamins and natural honey for treatment of COVID-19: A review
2022 Jan Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Rabby MII, Hossain F, Islam MA, Islam AKMS, Akhi IJ, Akter F
Review Article Honey Vitamin CHigh doses of vitamin C, vitamin D supplementation and natural honey can potentially decrease fatalities and support the management of COVID-19.
The historical and current research progress on jujube-a superfruit for the future
2020 Aug 1 Horticulture Research Liu, M., Wang, J., Wang, L. et al.
Review Article Vitamin C cAMP JujubeIn jujube fruit, the contents of sugar, vitamin C, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are around 2, 100, and 1000 times those of apple, respectively.
Biochemical Composition of Eggplant Fruits: A Review
2020 Jul 30 Applied Sciences Meenakshi Sharma and Prashant Kaushik
Systematic Review EggplantEggplant may possibly be used in the treatment of anemia, atherosclerosis, and fatty degeneration.
Clinical Trials
Clinical trials are research studies that involve people and are conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new treatments or interventions, such as drugs, medical devices, or behavioural therapies.
The Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin C for Iron Supplementation in Adult Patients With Iron Deficiency Anemia
2020 Nov 02 JAMA Oncology Li N, Zhao G, Wu W, Zhang M, Liu W, Chen Q, et al.
Among patients with IDA, oral iron supplements alone were equivalent to oral iron supplements plus vitamin C in improving hemoglobin recovery and iron absorption. These findings suggest that on-demand vitamin C supplements are not essential to take along with oral iron supplements for patients with IDA.
Randomised Controlled Trial Iron Deficiency Anaemia Anaemia Vitamin CSunGold Kiwifruit Supplementation of Individuals with Prediabetes Alters Gut Microbiota and Improves Vitamin C Status, Anthropometric and Clinical Markers
2018 Jul 12 Nutrients Wilson R, Willis J, Gearry R, Hughes A, Lawley B, Skidmore P, et al.
Randomised Controlled Trial Vitamin C Kiwifruit Gut Microbiota High Blood Pressure ObesityConsuming two SunGold kiwifruits daily over 12 weeks improved vitamin C status, reduced blood pressure, waist measurements and altered faecal microbiota composition in prediabetic individuals.
Study Protocols
Published study protocols are detailed plans that outline the objectives, methodology, statistical analyses, and organisation of a research study that have been made publicly available for others to review and use as a reference.
Presentation Slides
Review Article
Eating two gold kiwifruit daily can lead to significant improvements in mood and energy, thereby boosting psychological well-being in adults.
Billows M, Kakoschke N, Zajac IT
Review Article
Dietary supplements are found to be a promising complementary treatment for endometriosis, thanks to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and immune modulatory characteristics.
Yalçın Bahat P, Ayhan I, Üreyen Özdemir E, İnceboz Ümit, Oral E
Review Article
High doses of vitamin C, vitamin D supplementation and natural honey can potentially decrease fatalities and support the management of COVID-19.
Rabby MII, Hossain F, Islam MA, Islam AKMS, Akhi IJ, Akter F
Review Article
In jujube fruit, the contents of sugar, vitamin C, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are around 2, 100, and 1000 times those of apple, respectively.
Liu, M., Wang, J., Wang, L. et al.
Systematic Review
Eggplant may possibly be used in the treatment of anemia, atherosclerosis, and fatty degeneration.
Meenakshi Sharma and Prashant Kaushik
Network Pharmacology
The antioxidant potential and substance levels in Matcha tea is affected by the harvest period and water temperature used for preparation.
Jakubczyk K, Kochman J, Kwiatkowska A, Kałduńska J, Dec K, Kawczuga D, Janda K
Based on the statistical analytic results, calories, dietary fiber, fat, retinol, and vitamin C were found to possibly determine the effect of Yin-Yang properties of foods on human health. The influence of these nutrients on the human body was partially consistent with the function of Yin, Yang and neutral foods recorded in traditional Chinese medicine.
Jingle Xu
Systematic Review
Chili pepper has preventive and therapeutic properties for many ailments such as different types of cancer, rheumatism, stiff joints, bronchitis and chest colds with cough and headache, arthritis, heart arrhythmias and used as stomachic.
Saleh BK, Omer A, Teweldemedhin B.
Randomised Controlled Trial
Consuming two SunGold kiwifruits daily over 12 weeks improved vitamin C status, reduced blood pressure, waist measurements and altered faecal microbiota composition in prediabetic individuals.
Wilson R, Willis J, Gearry R, Hughes A, Lawley B, Skidmore P, Frampton C, Fleming E, Anderson A, Jones L, Tannock G, Carr A
Clinical Study
Consuming two kiwifruits daily can improve overall mood, particularly for individuals starting with moderate mood disturbance.
Carr AC, Bozonet SM, Pullar JM, Vissers MCM
Executive Summary
Write an executive summary in the form of a blog article on the topic of "Research into Chinese medicine treatment for Vitamin C" summarising the research below and using language that can be easily understood by patients and avoiding medical jargon using a professional and caring tone of voice.
Write an executive summary in the form of a blog article on the topic of "Researched Chinese medicine treatments for Vitamin C" summarising the research below in an objective and easy to understand way, and using language that can be easily understood by patients. Group the article into Chinese medicine treatments first, followed by nutrition and other treatments. Avoid using medical jargon and use a professional and caring tone of voice.
Write me a concise but easy to understand executive summary on the topic of "Chinese medicine treatments for Vitamin C" based on the following research that I will give you. Your summary should be 2 paragraphs long in Australian English spelling and include references to the studies.
A Review Article published in 2022 in the journal Nutrients found that Eating two gold kiwifruit daily can lead to significant improvements in mood and energy, thereby boosting psychological well-being in adults. The study conducted a literature review through databases like CINAHL, Embase, and PubMed, searching for English language articles published from 2005 to July 2022. These articles had to be randomized trials involving kiwifruit interventions targeting adults and assessing psychological well-being. The researchers used the Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tool to evaluate potential bias in these trials. After the search, they selected two suitable trials involving 202 participants. In discussing the results, the evidence found shows that regularly consuming two gold kiwifruits daily was linked with a significant decrease in mood disturbance and fatigue, and a significant increase in vigor and overall well-being. These effects were more pronounced in participants who had more significant initial mood disturbances. The study concluded by underlining the potential utility of consuming gold kiwifruit daily to promote improved psychological health.
A Review Article published in 2022 in the journal Acta Biomedica found that Dietary supplements are found to be a promising complementary treatment for endometriosis, thanks to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and immune modulatory characteristics. The researchers conducted a comprehensive literature review and synthesized the effects of various dietary supplements. The list of supplements includes vitamin D, zinc, magnesium, omega 3, propolis, quercetin, curcumin, N-acetylcysteine, probiotics, resveratrol, alpha lipoic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate. These were studied due to their known anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative, and immune modulatory characteristics. In terms of discussion on the results, the findings from the comprehensive literature review, encompassing in vitro, animal and human studies, show that there might be significant potential for dietary supplements as a complementary treatment to conventional therapy for endometriosis. Each supplement displayed attributes contributing to the mitigation of endometriosis symptoms, whether it was through anti-inflammatory means, antioxidant effects, immune modulation or their anti-proliferative properties. Despite variations between different kinds of supplements, the overall consensus indicates these function as a helpful add-on in managing the disease.
A Review Article published in 2022 in the journal Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences found that High doses of vitamin C, vitamin D supplementation and natural honey can potentially decrease fatalities and support the management of COVID-19. The team undertook a systematic analysis of existing literature and pertinent clinical trials to evaluate the potential of vitamin C, vitamin D, and natural honey intervention during the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic. This assessment aimed to determine the impact of these substances upon the outcomes of COVID-19, particularly in reducing respiratory damage and potentially improving patient immunity. The research revealed that substantial doses of vitamin C illustrated to lower lung damage and reduce intensive care stay duration for COVID-19 patients. It was observed that vitamin D deficiency is common among individuals living in institutions, and having supplements could aid in defending against respiratory infections. Natural honey, due to its antiviral effects and immune-enhancement capacities, also displayed promising results in treating COVID-19. The acquired evidence drove the belief that administering vitamin C, vitamin D, and natural honey, along with the existing treatment protocols, could potentially be a compelling method to decrease fatalities associated with COVID-19.
A Review Article published in 2020 in the journal Horticulture Research found that In jujube fruit, the contents of sugar, vitamin C, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are around 2, 100, and 1000 times those of apple, respectively. The fruit is particularly rich in nutrients, and its contents of sugar, vitamin C and B, cyclic nucleotide, proline, triterpenic acid, potassium, iron, and zinc are the highest among many fruits. The contents of sugar, vitamin C, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are around 2, 100, and 1000 times those of apple, respectively. The fruit is also a rich source of polysaccharides, triterpenic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and pigments.
A Systematic Review published in 2020 in the journal Applied Sciences found that Eggplant may possibly be used in the treatment of anemia, atherosclerosis, and fatty degeneration. Eggplant is progressively becoming more well-known due to its composition of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and several other bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids. Eggplant also contains traces of minerals such as copper, zinc, and iron. Due to this biochemical composition, eggplant may possibly be used in the treatment of anemia, atherosclerosis, and fatty degeneration. Its antioxidant property potentially reduces the risk of various types of cancer, protects against cardiovascular diseases, and prevents acute respiratory infections. Further, eggplant fibers help in digestion by removing toxins and harmful materials from the stomach and reducing colon cancer. Plant polyphenols present in eggplants can help protect cell membranes and boost the brain’s memory function.
A Network Pharmacology published in 2020 in the journal Foods found that The antioxidant potential and substance levels in Matcha tea is affected by the harvest period and water temperature used for preparation. The study's methodology was set to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and significant component levels of traditional and daily Matcha green tea, originating from Japan. It focused on the content of essential vitamins, flavonoids, and other polyphenols. The variations in these components were examined by making infusions at different temperatures - 25°C, 70°C, 80°C, and 90°C. Approximately 1.75g of the plant material was used with 100mL of distilled water in these preparations. The comparison was made between Matcha tea from the first and second harvests, as well as from the second and third harvests. In the discussion of results, infusions made from the daily Matcha harvest, especially the one prepared at 90°C, were observed to have the highest amount of substances possessing antioxidant properties. Notably, the concentrations of these beneficial substances tended to vary according to the timing of the plant's harvest and the temperature of water used for infusion preparation. Particularly, flavonoids, polyphenols, and vitamin C showed appreciable fluctuation across these variables, confirming a vital link between preparation details and the health benefits furnished by Matcha green tea.
A published in 2019 in the journal Scholar Works at UT Tyler found that Based on the statistical analytic results, calories, dietary fiber, fat, retinol, and vitamin C were found to possibly determine the effect of Yin-Yang properties of foods on human health. The influence of these nutrients on the human body was partially consistent with the function of Yin, Yang and neutral foods recorded in traditional Chinese medicine. Having a healthy diet by restoring Yin-Yang balance is a cost-effective method to maintain overall health with positive effect on CVD, diabetes, gut microbiota, smoking therapy, sleep patterns, and some acute illnesses due to the determinant nutrients including fat, fiber, sodium, and vitamin C. While dietary fiber and sodium were not significant in this study. At a p<.10, fiber and sodium would have been significant. A Yin-Yang paradigm not only provides an alternative medicine intervention for patients by reducing economic burden, as well as improving symptoms and quality of life, but also is beneficial to healthy people by preventing disease. Yin-Yang balanced dietary therapy has a comprehensive effect on health and should be a significant component of health education.
A Systematic Review published in 2018 in the journal MOJ Food Processing & Technology found that Chili pepper has preventive and therapeutic properties for many ailments such as different types of cancer, rheumatism, stiff joints, bronchitis and chest colds with cough and headache, arthritis, heart arrhythmias and used as stomachic. A vanilloid receptor known as VR1 which was later found to be member of the family TRP and was called TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1) is the receptor for capsaicin and is universally distributed in the brain, sensory nerves, dorsal root ganglia, bladder, gut, and blood vessels. Capsaicin is activate and then desensitize or block VR1 and was found to be powerful drug in animal models of human disease. Capsaicin plays a potential role in cardiometabolic protection through the activation of TRPV1 in different target organs or tissues, which suggests that TRPV1 may be a promising target for the management of cardiometabolic diseases such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and atherosclerosis. However, association between the dosage of dietary capsaicin and the effect on cardiometabolic protection need to be clarified for determining the daily usage or intake of capsaicin or its derivatives. The activation of VR1 by capsaicin make it possible to be involved in various human disease states ranging from genetic pain insensitivity to chronic pain syndromes. In addition to that VR1 has much broader clinical benefits than mere pain case. Chili pepper has preventive and therapeutic properties for many ailments such as different types of cancer, rheumatism, stiff joints, bronchitis and chest colds with cough and headache, arthritis, heart arrhythmias and used as stomachic. Chili preparations for treating ailments can be standard capsaicin, pharmaceutically prepared gels, creams and plasters, essential oils distilled from pods, powder prepared by crashing pods and extracts by soaking pods in water or ethanol.
A Randomised Controlled Trial published in 2018 in the journal Nutrients found that Consuming two SunGold kiwifruits daily over 12 weeks improved vitamin C status, reduced blood pressure, waist measurements and altered faecal microbiota composition in prediabetic individuals. Over a 12 week pilot intervention trial, people with prediabetes were observed after consuming two SunGold kiwifruits per day. Participants filled out a physical activity questionnaire and a three-day estimated food diary at both the commencement and end of the trial. Venous blood samples were collected at the start, in between (at 6 weeks) and at the end of the trial, to observe glycaemic indices, plasma vitamin C concentrations, hormones, lipid profiles and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. Additionally, participants provided faecal samples at each visit for DNA extraction and subsequent amplification and sequencing of a region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene to determine faecal microbiota composition. The differences were then compared between week 12 and their baseline measurements revealing a significant increase in plasma vitamin C concentration. Further changes including significant reductions in both diastolic and systolic blood pressure as well as waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio were recorded. Despite recording a slight drop in HbA1c levels and a minor increase in fasting glucose, the changes were small and not clinically significant. Moreover, the composition analysis of the faecal microbiota indicated an increase in the relative abundance of hitherto uncultivated, hence uncharacterised members of a particular bacterial family. These findings suggest that these unknown bacterial members could potentially have a functional relationship with the polysaccharides and polyphenols in kiwifruits.
A Clinical Study published in 2013 in the journal Journal of Nutritional Science found that Consuming two kiwifruits daily can improve overall mood, particularly for individuals starting with moderate mood disturbance. The research study investigated the potential mood-enhancing effects of kiwifruit, involving a sample group of 35 young adult males who were supplemented with either half or two kiwifruits a day for 6 weeks. Through this observational period, their moods were evaluated with the use of Profile of Mood States questionnaires that were administered at the start and end of the intervention. In the results discussion, it was noted that there was no observable effect on overall mood for the group that consumed half a kiwifruit daily. However, interestingly, for those who consumed two kiwifruits daily, there was a trend towards a decrease in total mood disturbance as well as depression. This was especially significant among participants with higher initial mood disturbance, showing decrease in mood disturbance and fatigue, and increase in vigour. This research also observed a significant increase in dietary vitamin C intake and corresponding plasma levels among the participants. There was no apparent effect of consuming two kiwifruits daily on the mood scores of participants with low initial mood disturbance.
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